question

Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to?

answer

Collect information

question

The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called?

answer

Effectors

question

Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the?

answer

Peripheral nervous system

question

Which is not a general function of the nervous system?

answer

Transporting materials throughout the body

question

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system?

answer

True

question

The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the ______ division.

answer

Sensory

question

Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system?

answer

Transmits impulses from the viscera

question

The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ______ division.

answer

Somatic sensory

question

The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the ______ division.

answer

Somatic motor

question

A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as an ________ neuron.

answer

Autonomic motor

question

A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as an _______ neuron.

answer

Visceral sensory

question

The motor nervous system is also known as the ______ nervous system.

answer

Efferent

question

Which is not characteristic of neurons?

answer

High mitotic rate

question

Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete:

answer

A specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target

question

Which statement is consistent with the current understanding of neural tissue?

answer

Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons

question

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?

answer

Soma

question

Where are synaptic knobs located?

answer

At the tips of telodendria

question

The cytoplasm within a cell body of a neuron is called the?

answer

Perikaryon

question

What structures extend into the axon and dendrite of a neuron to provide tensile strength?

answer

Neurofibrils

question

Electrical signals are conducted toward the cell body of a neuron by its?

answer

Dendrites or dendrite

question

Anterograde transport is the movement of materials from synaptic knobs to the cell body.

answer

False

question

Fast axonal transport is?

answer

Active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction.

question

Vesicles and glycoproteins required at the synapse are moved down a nerve fiber by _______ axonal transport.

answer

Fast

question

Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _____ neuron.

answer

Multi polar

question

Based on function, 99 percent of neurons are?

answer

Interneurons

question

The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are?

answer

Interneurons

question

Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?

answer

Interneurons

question

A bipolar neurons has?

answer

One axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body

question

Typically, a multi polar neuron has many dendrites and one axon extending from the cell body.

answer

True

question

A nerve cell that has dendrites but no axons is catagorized as an ________ neuron.

answer

Anaxonic

question

A mixed nerve refers to one that contains both?

answer

Sensory and motor neurons

question

Spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord, whereas ________ nerves extend from the brain.

answer

Cranial

question

In a mixed nerve?

answer

Some axons transmit sensory information and other transmit motor information

question

Most commonly, a synapse is made between a?

answer

Presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite

question

When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by?

answer

The presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft

question

Electrical synapses involve coupling of neurons by?

answer

Gap Junctions

question

Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses?

answer

Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster

question

Chemical synapses are more common than electrical synapses.

answer

True

question

Glial cells differ from neurons in that they?

answer

Are smaller and capable of mitosis

question

The nervous system contains more neurons than glial cells.

answer

False

question

Glial cells help maintain the structure of synapses and they can modify neural transmission.

answer

True

question

What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?

answer

Astrocyte

question

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the?

answer

Ependymal cell

question

The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the?

answer

Oligodendrocyte

question

The glial cell that helps form the blood-brain barrier is the?

answer

Astrocyte

question

The glial cell the myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the?

answer

Neurolemmocyte

question

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the?

answer

Microglial cell

question

The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the?

answer

Satellite cell

question

The glial cell with the responsibility of occupying the space left by dead or dying neurons is the?

answer

Astrocyte

question

The glial cell that provides structural support and organizations to the CNS is the?

answer

Astrocyte

question

The glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS is the?

answer

Astrocyte

question

What do all glial cells have in common?

answer

They assist neurons in their respective functions

question

The periphery of a myelinating Schwann cell that contains its cytoplasm and nucleus is called the?

answer

Neurilemma

question

The glossy-whit appearance of most axons is due to?

answer

The higher lipid content of myelin sheath

question

Which is true regarding the action of a neuroloemmocyte?

answer

Each meurolemmocyte can wrap only 1 mm portion of a single axon.

question

Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?

answer

Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.

question

The function of myelin is to?

answer

Produce faster nerve impulse propagation

question

Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along?

answer

Unmyelinated axons

question

Along an axon, the gaps between neurolemmocytes are called neurofibril?

answer

Nodes

question

In the CNS all axons are myelinated, but in the PNS, some are myelinated and some are unmyelinated.

answer

False

question

With damage to nerve fibers, larger distances between the sire of damage and the target structure innervated result in _______ chances of successful regeneration.

answer

Decreased

question

Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration?

answer

PNS

question

Wallerian degeneration involves the breakdown of?

answer

The segments of axon and myelin sheath between the sire of damage and the peripheral effector.

question

Following damage to axons nearby, oligondendrocytes?

answer

Secrete growth -inhibitory molecules

question

Although severing a peripheral axon leads to some degeneration, the neurilemma remains largely intact.

answer

True

question

Channels require energy in order to function as transport proteins?

answer

Neurolemmocytes, 100 mm/day

question

A nerve?

answer

is a cable like bundle of parallel axons

question

Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer?

answer

Epineurium - perineurium - endoneurium

question

The endoneurium is composed of?

answer

Areolar connective tissue

question

The epineurium is composed of?

answer

Dense irregular connective tissue

question

The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the?

answer

Perineurium

question

The type of transport protein that moves a substance down it's concentration gradient is a:

answer

Channel

question

Channels require energy in order to function as transport proteins.

answer

False

question

Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ______ segment of a neuron.

answer

Receptive

question

A neuron's membrane contains more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels.

answer

True

question

The axon hillock makes up the _____ segment of a neuron.

answer

Initial

question

Contrast chemically gated and voltage gated channels. How do their functions differ? In which segments of a neuron are they found?

answer

Section 12.6 addresses this question. Chemically gated channels are generally receptors for a ligand, and they open when the ligand is present, while voltage gated channels open in response to a change in change. Chemically gated channels are found in receptive segments of neuron (dendrites, soma), While voltage gated channels are found in the initial conductive and transmissive segments (hillock, axon, knob).

question

The type of voltage-gated channels that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the?

answer

Voltage-gated sodium channel

question

Potassium has a higher concentration?

answer

Inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell.

question

Negatively charged protein molecules are more prevalent within a neuron's cytosol than in the interstitial fluid.

answer

True

question

The electrochemical gradient refers to?

answer

The combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two area.

question

According to Ohm's law, current is?

answer

Directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance.

question

The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as a?

answer

Voltage

question

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is?

answer

-70 mV

question

To measure the resting potential of a neuron, a physiologist would place?

answer

One micro electrode inside the neuron and another in the interstitial fluid

question

The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of?

answer

Potassium out of the cell through leak channels

question

If there were no sodium leak channels, resting membrane potential of a neuron would be?

answer

More negative

question

Maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of?

answer

Sodium-potassium pumps

question

A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _______ the resting membrane potential

answer

Less negative than

question

Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from?

answer

Either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation

question

Graded potentials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron.

answer

False

question

A graded potential is one that?

answer

Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus)

question

An action potential involves a temporary reversal of polarity across the plasma membrane ( that is, the inside of the axon becomes relatively positive compared to the interstitial fluid).

answer

True

question

Action potentials are generated by the opening of _____ gated channels and they occur on the _____.

answer

Voltage-, axon

question

A postsynaptic potential is a graded potential

answer

True

question

When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic ccell, the results is an?

answer

EPSP

question

As it moves from the tip of a dendrite to the axon hillock, a postsynaptic potential will maintain a constant amplitude.

answer

False

question

When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results in an?

answer

IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization

question

Some inhibitory neurotransmitters exert their effect by causing the opening of chloride channels, which results in the postsynaptic membrane becoming more negative

answer

True

question

The size of an EPSP is independent of the amount of excitatory neurotransmitter that is released by the presynaptic cell

answer

False

question

A graph of an EPSP would plot time against a voltage trace that would resemble?

answer

A hill where the high point approaches the threshold value

question

In neurophysiology, the term summation refers to the addition of?

answer

Postsynaptic potentials at the node of Ranvier

question

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time results in?

answer

Spatial summation

question

When a single presynaptic neuron repeatedly releases neurotransmitter in a very short period of time it results in ______ summation in the postsynaptic neuron.

answer

Temporal

question

The conductive segment of a neuron is it's ______, a region that contains many ______ gated channels.

answer

Axon, voltage-

question

Voltage-gated potassium channels in a neuron's axon are triggered to open when membrane potential becomes more negative.

answer

False

question

When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron?

answer

Potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.

question

Voltage-gated sodium channels at a neuron's initial segment are triggered to open when the membrane becomes more positive.

answer

True

question

The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged?

answer

Open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.

question

Which occurs first?

answer

Absolute refractory period

question

As a neuron's refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from?

answer

Their inactivated state to their activated state

question

Imagine a genetic mutation that resulted in a malfunctioning inactivation gate in a voltage-gated sodium channel. The defective gate wouldn't always open and close when it should. What functional problems would this cause for the neurons?

answer

Neurons' axons would not fire action potential appropriately. Sometimes, when the gate is improperly closed, they would not fire when they should (despite a strong stimulus). Other times, when the gate remained inappropriately open, the axon would lack a refractory period-- it might fire bursts of impulses when only one is called for and it might propagate impulses backwards and forwards.

question

After an impulse, the ________ refractory period is the time when it is possible to initiate another impulse, but it requires a stronger than usual stimulus.

answer

Relative.

question

When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron?

answer

Calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotrasmitter is released by exocytosis.

question

Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in?

answer

Opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.

question

Neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic knob by exocytosis, and it then diffuses across the synaptic cleft.

answer

True

question

In order to trigger the release of neurotransmitter from a neuron terminal, calcium ions?

answer

Bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles

question

A nerve impulse travels fastest along _____ axons of _____ diameter.

answer

Myelinated, large

question

In a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the?

answer

Neurofibril nodes

question

Saltatory conduction occurs in?

answer

Myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.

question

The slowest category of nerve fibers are the?

answer

C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second.

question

Somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of?

answer

A fibers

question

Catecholamines are a subtype of ______ neurotransmitter.

answer

Monoamine

question

A neuropeptided is a molecule that is synthesized from an amino acid by the removal of a carboxyl group and the addition of another small functional group such as an amine group.

answer

False

question

One main category of neurotransmitters is amino acids.

answer

True

question

Substance P is a neuropeptide that functions in the transmission of pain information to the brain.

answer

True

question

The monoamine that has functions related to sleep, appetite, cognition, and mood is?

answer

Serotonin

question

The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is?

answer

GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric acid)

question

One of the ways that neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft is?

answer

reuptake by the presynaptic cell

question

The main way acetylcholine is cleared from a synapse is by?

answer

Degradation by an enzyme

question

What effect would an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor have on an acetylcholine synapse?

answer

Ach E inhibitors cause more Ach to be in the synapse. One application for this is treating myasthenia gravis, where the drugs inhibit Ach breakdown and facilitate muscle stimulation by nerve. SSRIs also cause more neurotransmitter to remain in the synapse longer, and are known to elevate mood.

question

_______ is the release of chemicals that locally regulate the response of neurons to neurotransmitters

answer

Neuromodulation

question

When a neuromodulator slows the reuptake of a neurotransmitter or causes expression of an increased number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons, the effect is called?

answer

Facilitation

question

As an axon approaches the cell onto which it will terminate, it generally branches repeatedly into several?

answer

Telodendria

question

Chose the answer that correctly list, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission. a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft c: A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell e: A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell

answer

A,B,D,E,C

question

There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?

answer

Chemical and electrical

question

Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission?

answer

Electrical synapse.

question

Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal?

answer

Pools

question

Which is not a type of neuronal pool?

answer

Triangular-pre-discharge

question

The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron is a ________ circuit.

answer

Converging

question

The type of neuronal circuit that uses feedback to produce a repeated, cyclical stimulation of the circuit is a _____ circuit.

answer

Reverberating

question

The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one times is a _______ circuit.

answer

Parallel-after-discharging

question

The type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _______ circuit.

answer

Diverging

question

What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher-order mathematical problem?

answer

Parallel-after-discharging

question

What type of circuit is used to maintain body pressure posture while walking?

answer

Diverging

question

You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds, and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one?

answer

Converging

question

The type of neuronal circuit that ensures that we continue to breathe while asleep is a _______ circuit.

answer

Reverberating

question

Neural stem cells in the CNS?

answer

Can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus

question

Transmission of nerve impulses along myleniated axons requires more energy than transmission along unmyelinated axons.

answer

False

question

As the distance between a damaged axon and its receptor organ increases, the possibility of repair increases.

answer

False

question

A tumor can occur in any tissue with in the CNS.

answer

False

question

Nerve impulses are only transmitter along exposed portions of an axon.

answer

True

question

Saltatory conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along myelinated axons.

answer

True

question

The nervous system regulates body function by?

answer

Initiating input information

question

What type of sensory structures detect changes in internal organs?

answer

Visercal sensory receptors

question

Which characteristic of a neuron facilitates its responsiveness to stimulation?

answer

Excitability

question

The perikaryon of a neuron is the?

answer

Entire cell body

question

In the structural classification of neurons which neuron has numerous nerve processes?

answer

Multi polar

question

Which connective tissue wrapping surrounds bundles of axons?

answer

Perineurium

question

The glial cell that protects and regulates nutrient and waste exchange for cell bodies in ganglia is the?

answer

Satellite cell

question

Which type of cell is small with slender branches, and represents the least prevalence in the nervous system?

answer

Microglia

question

A peripheral nervous system axon is wrapped in ______ by a neurolemmocyte.

answer

Myelin

question

Axon regeneration always requires?

answer

Destruction of the axon attached to the nerve cell body

question

Chemically gated channels?

answer

Only open if they bind a neurotransmitter

question

The conductive segment of a neuron?

answer

Extends the full length of the axon

question

Leak channels are?

answer

Open all the time

question

The receptive segment of a neuron contains/consists of?q

answer

Dendrites and cell body

question

Which part of a neuron interacts through the synaptic knob with the next cell?

answer

Transmissive segment

question

The membrane potential of a neuron is due to?

answer

Movement of ions between the outside and inside of the membrane.

question

The role of K+ in membrane potential is to?

answer

Exit the neuron to maintain membrane potential

question

A graded potential occurs when?

answer

The voltage inside the neuron becomes more positive.

question

An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs when? a: Na+ channels open b: the inside of the neuron becomes slightly more positive c: Na+ moves down its concentration gradient d: All of these are correct

answer

D: All of these are correct

question

Hyperpolarization occurs in an excitable neuron when?

answer

K+ channels remain close

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