Ecology – Space – Flashcards
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Definition: Agriculture
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Process of producing food, fiber and desired products by cultivation of certain plants and raising of domestic animals
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Examples of agriculture
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plants for human use livestock -meat -work -transportation -fiber
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pre-agriculture societies: nomadic
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Difficult timing, based on season
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Agriculture revolution
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Invented agriculture irrigation
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Theory on agriculture
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Compost--> seeds--> growth(garden)--> more vegetables
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population growth: agriculture
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Tilling, plant selection, harvesting, processing, drying and long term storage Population grew exponentially
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Homestead act of 1909
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Moving west to farm untouched land
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Desertification
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A loss of 10% or more in crop productivity Causes: erosion, fertilizers, overgrazing, decrease water
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Green revolution
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Not enough food, increase agriculture output to feed everyone
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Definition: Pesticide
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Kills pests Insects, mice, rats, rats, mites, fungus, bacteria,nematode
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Definition: Arms race
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Pests evolving/resistance to pesticide
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Definition: GMO
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Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA is created by merging the DNA of multiple species Changing molecules of life/merging DNA from multiple species to improve qualities/traits
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Examples of GMO properties
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Disease resistance, increase shelf life, kill pests, increase size, alter taste, alter basic plant requirements, alter nutritional values, increase crop productivity
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Definition: pollen escape
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Pollen from another farm spreads to another through wind
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Definition: Monoculture
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Little to no diversity Non- target that is affected by Bt corn and Round Up ready crops (Herbicide and weed killer). Globally, have a "near threatened" status due to major population losses.
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GMO benefits
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Research, education, habitat restoration, invest in low income farmers, fewer pesticides, lower carbon emissions
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Definition: Competition
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2 or more individuals fighting over the same LIMITED resources
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inTRAspecific
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1 type of competition WITHIN a species Ex: deeds, lions, penguins (mating/space/food)
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inTERspecific
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1 type of competition BETWEEN different species Ex: lion and hyenas, rabbits in SimBio
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Example of Anoles: what happened?
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Native to where they're from, weaker competitor and their realized niche(where they actually live) shrinks graph: invasive species takes over
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Definition: Resource Partitioning
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dividing up resources ex: food, shelter(avoid competition by minimizing niche overlap), space, habitat)
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Definition: Predation
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one species(predator) eats another species (prey)
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Predators strategies
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camouflage, speed/strength, ambush, packs, nocturnal, lure
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prey strategies
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poison, school/group, hide, mechanical (thorns), armor, eye spots, playing dead, chemical (ink, spray), poison(warning coloration),
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prey strategies: mimicry
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copy cat
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types of mimicry: batesian
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1 species is toxic and one is not ex: red on yellow, dangerous fellow. red on black, friend of jack
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types of mimicry: mullerian
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both are toxic (reinforcement)
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definition: simbiosis
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2 species that have an intimate relationship partners: symbionts
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types of simbiosis: commensalism
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0/+, one benefits, the other neither benefits nor loses, (shark/fish)
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types of simbiosis: mutualism
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+/+, both benefits, (clown fish and anemone)
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types of simbiosis: parasitism
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+/-, one benefits, one loses, (mosquito to human)
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Definition: invasive species
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destroys habitat, out competitive, disrupts ecosystem, decrease food, money, biodiversity
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Definition:Native species
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species that originally occurs in a particular area (endemic)
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Definition: non-native species
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does not originally occur
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Definition: Intentional release
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Humans released organism to gain and benefit (toad)
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Definition: non-intentional release
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Through cargo, mail, museum, pet, garden(zebra mussel)
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Getting rid of species: spraying pesticide (GMO)
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Hitting non-target (other organisms)
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Getting rid of species: traps
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Killing organisms
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Getting rid of species: Integrated Pest Management
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Bring in predator
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Getting rid of species: Bounty (Nutria)
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Offering money to kill predators
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Getting rid of species: Hunting season
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Spearing, electro shocking
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Getting rid of species: Manual removal
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Manually removing species ourselves
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Getting rid of species: PREVENTING INTRODUCTION
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It is hard to control
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Zebra Mussel:
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came around the great lakes from Russia Attached itself to boats and traveled Size of a dime REPRODUCE (attach to other animals: cannot move/suffocate) Add more nutrients clog water intake pipes
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Brown Tree Snake
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came to Guam from Russia Through cargo Attacked Guam Rail Bird(flightless) Became extinct from guam
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Fire Ant
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Came to southern US from South America Tree samples/soils Introduced fly, didn't work They build large mounds Can sting other animals (swarm organism)
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Emerald Ash Bourer
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came from Asian, Larvae tunneling ash trees Kills trees, can't produce nutrients (oxygen) Don't take wood back and forth so you don't spread larvae
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Ecological community
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a group of species that live together and interact with each other. some eat others, some provide shelter for their neighbors, and some compete with each other for food and/or space.
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community structure
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the composition and relative abundance of the different types of organisms present
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intertidal community
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comprised of organisms living in the area covered by water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide
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food chain
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the progression of what eats what, from plant to herbivore to predator
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food web diagram
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a diagram that connects different species and food chains together based on these relationships
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trophic levels
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a species level indicates its relative position in the ecosystems food chain
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producers
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use energy from the sun to produce their own food rather than consuming other organisms, thus they occupy the lowest trophic level.
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competitively dominant (the winner)
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when one species is better at obtaining or holding space than another, or is able to displace the second species
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competitive dominance hierarchy
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similar to a food web, construct a diagram to illustrate which species are superior competitors within a community
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dominant species
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the species that is more abundant in number or biomass than any other
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keystone species
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the presence of a single species controls community structure even though that species may have relatively low abundance the decline or removal will drastically alter the structure of the local community
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transition matrix
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a set of probabilities that determine what happens from one time step to the next on a particular space on the rock.
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Which organisms compete for space on intertidal rocks? A) algae and barnacles B) whelk and starfish C) algae, barnacles, and whelk D) starfish only
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Algae and barnacles
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Which species eats acorn barnacles? A. mussel b. starfish c. whelk d. chiton
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whelk
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Which species is competitively dominant? A. black pine b. goose-neck barnacle c. nori seaweed d. acorn barnacle
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Goose-neck barnacle
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What dramatically changes when starfish are removed from the simulated system? A. acorn and goose neck increase b. mussel pop. Increase c. coral weed increase d. system is unchanged
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Mussel population increase
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Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of a keystone species? A. a low abundance b. removal of the species leads to a large change c. direct interaction with every other species in the community d. a high impact on the community relative to its population size
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Direct interaction
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If you fenced a plot of land in the savanna so that animals were completely excluded, over time, which type of plant would dominate the plot, according to the diagrams? A. grasses b. shrubs c. trees d. none
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trees
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If you removed all the lions from a large area of savanna, which of the following changes is most likely, according to the diagrams? A. fewer cheetahs b. more zebra c. more grasses d. more elephants
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More zebra
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If you removed all the cheetahs from a large area of savanna, which of the following changes is most likely, according to the diagram? A. fewer gazelle b. fewer shrubs c. fewer lions d. fewer grasses
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Fewer grasses
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If you removed all the elephants from a large area of savanna, which of the following two changes is more likely, according to the diagrams? A. fewer trees b. fewer grasses
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Fewer grasses
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Which of the following is the best candidate for a keystone species? A. elephants b. cheetahs c.lions d. zebras
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Elephants
