Exam 5 End of Lecture Questions – Flashcards
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin A |
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| Night blindness |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin B1 |
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| Beriberi |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin C |
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| Scurvy |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin D |
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| Rickets |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin E |
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| Hemolytic anemia |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Vitamin K |
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| Bleeding disorders |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: Niacin |
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| Pellagra |
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| Match the vitamin with the characteristic seen in a deficiency state: B12 / folate |
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| Megaloblastic anemia |
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| Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of what mineral? |
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| Calcium |
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| Which vitamin is needed for prothrombin formation? |
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| Vitamin K |
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| What substance is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption? |
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| Intrinsic factor |
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| What disease results as a deficiency of B12? |
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| Pernicious anemia |
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| What test can be done to detect a deficiency of B12? |
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| Schilling test |
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| Which vitamin is ascorbic acid? |
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| Vitamin C |
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| Which vitamin, when deficient, can lead to neural tube defects in a developing fetus? |
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| Folate |
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| What test can be done on mom's serum to help detect this disorder? |
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| AFP |
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| What is the most common cause of IDA? |
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| Chronic blood loss |
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| What protein marker is the best indicator of short-term malnutrition? |
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| Prealbumin |
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| What is the relationship between absorbance and concentration? |
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| Direct, as one increases so does the other. |
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| The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. What is the concentration of the patient's sample? |
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| 44.6 mg/dL |
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| The absorbance of a 50 mg/dL standard reads 0.130. The absorbance on the patient's sample reads 0.116. How do you determine the concentration of the patient's sample? |
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| (0.116/0.130) x 50 = 44.6 |
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| What part of a spectrophotometer isolates a specific wavelength? |
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| Monochromator |
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| What are the following considered: Scratches, dust, and open compartment door, cracks in the instrument housing. |
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| Causes of stray light in a spectrophotometer |
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| What is the purpose of using blanks? |
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| To subtract out any absorbance caused by unusual reagent or sample color (lipemia, icteric, hemolysis) |
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| What is the light source used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry? |
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| Hollow cathode tube |
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| What is the primary use of AA spectrophotometry? |
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| To measure trace elements and metals |
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| What are the advantages of using chemiluminescence? |
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| Higher sensitivity, lower detections limits, fewer instrument requirements |
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| Name 2 commonly used chemiluminescent labels |
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| Luminal Acridinum ester |
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| What are the two electrodes used in an ISE system? |
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| Reference and Indicator (sample) |
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| List the most common uses/applications of ISE in the lab |
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| Electrolytes, ionized Ca, pH |
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| What is the difference between direct ISE and indirect ISE? |
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| Direct uses undiluted sample, Indirect uses pre-diluted sample |
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| How can high levels of protein or lipids affect sodium values when using indirect ISE? |
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| It can cause false decreased sodium |
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| List the most common uses of gas-sensing electrodes in the lab |
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| pO2 and pCO2 |
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| What mode of chromatography separation is commonly used to make deionized water? |
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| Ion exchange |
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| What is the mobile phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)? |
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| Liquid Solvent |
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| What is the stationary phase in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)? |
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| Silica gel on a rigid plate |
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| What are the most common uses of TLC in the lab? |
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| Drug screens (L/S ratios – outdated) |
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| What is retention factor used in? |
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| TLC |
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| how is retention factor useful? |
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| Compares distance an unknown moves to the distance of the solvent front |
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| What term (in HPLC) describes the time required for a compound to elute? |
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| Retention time |
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| What is the name of the graph that shows each eluted compound? |
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| Chromatogram |
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| What is the most common use of HPLC? |
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| Drugs screens and drug ID |
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| What is the mobile phase in gas chromatography? |
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| Inert gas |
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| What type of compounds can be analyzed by gas chromatography? |
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| Any compound that can be converted to a volatile (gaseous) state |
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| What is the most common use of gas chromatography? |
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| Drug ID |
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| What is the principle of GC/Mass spec? |
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| Eluted compounds are bombarded by electrons to break them into ions and ion fragments, then a mass charge ration is determined. |
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| What methodology is the most specific for drug confirmation? |
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| GC mass spec |
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| Define the following: Mode |
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| Most common value in a set |
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| Define the following: Mean |
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| The average value in a set |
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| Define the following: Control |
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| Substance treated exactly as a patient sample; detects analytic errors |
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| Define the following: 2SD |
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| 95% confidence limits |
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| Define the following: Delta check |
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| Comparison of a patient result with a previous result |
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| Define the following: Diagnostic sensitivity |
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| Proportion of persons with a disease who test positive |
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| Define the following: Diagnostic specificity |
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| Proportion of persons without disease who test neg. |
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| Define the following: Analytical sensitivity |
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| Represents the smallest concentration that a test can measure |
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| The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. What are the confidence limits for this analyte? |
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| 90-110 |
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| The mean for a particular analyte is 100 mg/dl. 1 SD is 5. How would you determine the confidence limits for this analyte? |
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| 2SD = 10 100 + 10 = 110 100 - 10 = 90 |
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| Ideally, how many samples should be tested when establishing a new reference range? |
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| 120+ |
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| How many samples should be tested when verifying a reference range? |
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| 20+ |
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| What are the following characteristic of: Temperature fluctuations, tech error, bubble, scratch |
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| Possible causes of random error |
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| What are the following characteristic of: Bad reagents, failing instruments, poor calibration |
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| Possible causes of systematic error |
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| Name a common reason for calculating a CV |
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| To compare two methods for the same substance that have different reporting units; To compare performance of two techs |
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| The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. What is the CV? |
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| 4.8% |
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| The mean for a certain analyte is 210. 1 SD is 10. How would you determine what the CV is? |
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| CV = (1SD/mean) x 100 10/210 x 100 |
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| What is the primary purpose of performing linear regression analysis? |
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| To compare a current, older method or machine with a new incoming method/machine |
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| John Doe’s 6:00 am potassium was 3.1 mEq/L. Another sample was collected and tested at 9:00 am with a result of 7.5 mEq/L. This prompted a QC “flag” which is often referred to as a _____ ______ |
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| Delta Check |
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| What is the possible repercussion if a lab fails to pass, and then fails to verify an incorrect result on a proficiency sample? |
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| The department may not be allowed to perform/report that test until remediation and better results are obtained. |
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| What Westgard rule is in violation when 1 control is OK, but the second control is outside the 3 SD range? |
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| 1-3S |
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| What type of error does this Westgard "rule" best identify? |
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| Random errors |
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| Although control values have been in range, the tech observes that 7 consecutive control data points have fallen below the mean. What do we call this phenomenon? |
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| Shift |
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| A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How many controls should be run? |
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| 2 controls |
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| A Precision Study is going to be run on a new test method. How frequently should they be run? |
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| Twice a day for 10 days |
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| What is the name of the process designed to reduce time and errors in an effort to achieve excellence in performance? |
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| Lean Six Sigma |
