Clinical Chemistry Exam 1 Lecture 4 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is the reference range for the total protein in the plasma? |
answer
6.5-8.5 g/dL |
question
There are more than ______ proteins identified so far |
answer
500 |
question
List the 9 Mechanisms that control protein levels in plasma: |
answer
Nutrition Liver function Renal function Metabolic errors Disease Blood Loss Hemolysis Burns Dehydration |
question
Globulin |
answer
All proteins except Albumin |
question
How do you calculate Globulin? |
answer
Globulin = Total protein - Albumin |
question
Prealbumin |
answer
Transports thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and Vit A |
question
What is the half life of Prealbumin? |
answer
2-3 days |
question
Albumin |
answer
Maintains osmotic pressure (80%) Carrier for bilirubin, fatty acids, Ca, Mg, drugs, and other substances |
question
Which Plasma Protein is in the highest concentration? |
answer
Albumin |
question
Antitrypsin (alpha 1) |
answer
Neutralizes elastase enzymes released from neutrophils |
question
If unchecked what will Elastin cause? |
answer
Structural damage to alveoli |
question
What will a deficiency in Antitrypsin lead to? |
answer
Emphysema (as early as age 20) and cirrhosis |
question
Fetoprotein (alpha 1) |
answer
Hepatocellular tumor marker Low amounts and no purpose in adult serum |
question
What are High levels of Fetoprotein in amniotic fluid and maternal serum consistent with? |
answer
NTDs |
question
Haptoglobin (alpha 2) |
answer
Binds free hemoglobin after cell lysis to prevent loss into the urine. |
question
What organ recycles the iron and amino acids after RBCs have been lysed? |
answer
Spleen |
question
Low levels of Haptoglobin is often associated with? |
answer
Hemolytic anemia Transfusion reactions |
question
Increased levels of Haptoglobin is often associated with? |
answer
Inflammation (acute phase protein) |
question
"Acute phase reactants" |
answer
Increase in response to tissue injury General and non-specific Act to destroy or inhibit microbes |
question
The following are all considered what type of reactants? CRP, A1AT, Haptoglobin, Fibrinogen, C3, C4, others |
answer
"Acute phase reactants" |
question
What is the reference range of Urinary proteins? |
answer
100-250 mg/24 hours |
question
Microalbumin in the urine is an early indicator of what? |
answer
diabetic neuropathy |
question
Bence Jones Protein (free light chains) may occur in what disease? |
answer
Multiple Myeloma |
question
What protein produced in tubules is the basic matrix of urinary casts? |
answer
Tamm-Horsfall protein |
question
What is the reference range or CSF Proteins? |
answer
15-45 mg/dL (1/200 of plasma level) |
question
Cerebrospinal fluid proteins |
answer
Indicates either increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier or increased production within the Central Nervous System |
question
CSF IgG Index |
answer
Determines the source of an elevated CSF IgG protein |
question
Formula for the CSF IgG Index |
answer
(CSF IgG x Serum albumin) / (Serum IgG x CSF albumin) |
question
In what type of diseases will you see a nonspecific elevation of CSF Proteins? |
answer
Meningitis Traumatic Tap Multiple Sclerosis Others |
question
What is the reference range of the CSF IgG index? |
answer
0.3-0.8 |
question
If the CSF IgG Index is >0.8 what does this indicate? |
answer
Increased IgG production within the CSF |
question
If the CSF IgG Index is >0.8 what is this consistent with? |
answer
Multiple Sclerosis Some bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases |
question
Ceruloplasmin (alpha 2) |
answer
Transports plasma copper |
question
What does decreased copper cause? |
answer
Anemia |
question
Wilson's disease: |
answer
Low ceruloplasmin causes accumulations of copper in skin, liver, brain, and cornea. Cirrhosis, neurologic damage, and Kayser-Fleischer rings |
question
Beta 2 Microglobulin |
answer
Present on the surface of all white cells, especially lymphs. At the time of diagnosis, levels reflect stage of disease and likely prognosis |
question
Overproduction of what causes increased levels of Beta 2 Microglobulin? |
answer
WBCs |
question
High levels of what in HIV indicate the virus is killing lymphs? |
answer
Beta 2 Mircoglobulin |
question
What do high levels of Beta 2 Microglobulin after kidney transplants indicate? |
answer
Possible organ rejection |
question
Transferrin (Beta) |
answer
Transports plasma iron to storage sites and bone marrow Prevents loss of iron into urine |
question
When Transferrin is increased what is often associated with? |
answer
Iron Deficiency Anemia |
question
Complement (Beta) |
answer
A group of proteins that bind to ag-ab complexes to cause cell lysis |
question
What does a decrease in Complement cause? |
answer
Increased susceptibility to infections |
question
What is Complement decreased in? |
answer
SLE |
question
Firbinogen (Beta) |
answer
Forms a fibrin clot when activated by thrombin |
question
Is Fibrinogen seen in serum? |
answer
No, because it is used up in the clotting process |
question
When Fibrinogen is increased what is potentially happening? |
answer
Inflammation |
question
C-Reactive Protein (Beta) |
answer
Non specific Inflammatory conditions: tissue necrosis, infections, AMI, rheumatoid arthritis |
question
HS-CRP |
answer
Predictor for risk of heart attack and stroke. Requires high-sensitivity testing methods |
question
Immunoglobins (delta) |
answer
Synthesized in plasma cells in response to antigens IgG, A, M, D, E |
question
Monoclonal increases in Immunoglobulins are consistent with which 2 diseases? |
answer
Multiple Myeloma Waldenstrom's |
question
Myoglobin and Troponin - cardiac markers |
answer
Skeletal and cardiac muscle proteins |
question
True or False: The degree of elevation of Myoglobin and/or Troponin may be indicative of the extent of cardiac damage |
answer
True |