Chapter 1 – Chemistry – Flashcards
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| Chemistry |
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| Science that describes matter - its properties, the changes it undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany those processes |
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| Matter |
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| Anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| Solid, liquid, gas |
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| The three states of matter |
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| Solid |
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| Rigid in shape, fixed in volume |
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| Liquid |
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| Not rigid in shape - assumes shape of the container; fixed volume |
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| gas |
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| No fixed volume or shape; assumes shape, volume of container |
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| mixtures and pure substances |
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| Types of matter |
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| heterogenous homogenous elements compounds |
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| Mixtures can be ____ or ____; pure substances are either ____ or ____. |
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| elements |
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| Type of matter than cannot be broken down into 2 or more pure substances |
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| elements |
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| Identified by their chemical symbols (in the periodic table) |
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| Elements |
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| The building blocks of all materials |
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| Compound |
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| Pure substance that contains more than one element |
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| Compound |
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| Pure substance that has a fixed composition |
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| Different |
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| Properties of compounds are ____ than their individual components |
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| Mixture |
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| Contain two or more substances (can be elements or compounds) combined in such a way that each substance retains its chemical identity |
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| Homogenous |
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| Uniform mixture of compounds or elements that is constant throughout (a solution) |
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| Solution |
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| Consists of a solute and a solvent (solvent is in greater amount) |
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| Aqueous (aq) |
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| Many solutions are in water, called ____ |
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| Heterogenous |
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| Non-uniform mixture of compounds or elements, the composition varies from sample to sample |
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| Phases |
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| Heterogenous mixtures can be different ____ (e.g., a solid and a liquid) |
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| Filtration Distillation Chromatography |
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| Three methods of separating mixtures |
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| Filtration |
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| Used to separate solid-liquid mixture; solid prevented from passing through barrier, liquid flows through |
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| Distillation |
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| Removal of a component of a mixture by changing its state from liquid to a gas and then collecting it back as a liquid |
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| Column Gas-liquid |
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| Two methods of chromatography |
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| Column chromatography |
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| In this method of mixture separation, a solid material is dissolved and flows through a column of solid and carried along by a solvent |
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| Gas-liquid chromatography |
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| Method of mixture separation in which a mixture is put through a furnace and pushed through a column; separates the different liquids/gases |
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| M 10e6 |
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| mega(symbol and multiplier) |
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| k 10e3 |
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| kilo (symbol and multiplier) |
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| d 10e-1 |
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| deci(symbol and multiplier) |
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| c 10e-2 |
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| Centi (symbol and multiplier) |
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| m 10e-3 |
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| milli (symbol and multiplier) |
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| u 10e-6 |
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| micro (symbol and multiplier) |
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| n 10e-9 |
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| nano (symbol and multiplier) |
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| p 10e-12 |
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| pico (symbol and multiplier) |
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| meter m |
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| length - metric unit and symbol |
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| kilogram kg |
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| Mass - metric unit and symbol |
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| s |
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| Symbol for second (time measurement) |
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| Fahrenheit (F) Kelvin (K) Celsius (C) |
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| Measurements of temperature and symbols |
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| Mass Weight |
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| ____ is a measure of quantity of matter; ____ is a measure of the gravitational attraction |
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| False |
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| T/F - heat and temperature are the same thing |
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| Temperature |
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| ____ is a measure of the intensity of heat in a body |
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| Water |
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| The three common temperature scales all use ____ as a reference |
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| Fahrenheit |
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| MP water 32 degrees, BP is 212 degrees: what scale is this? |
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| Celsius |
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| MP of water is 0.0 degrees, BP is 100 degrees: what scale is this? |
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| Kelvin |
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| MP of water is 273 degrees, BP is 373 degrees: what scale is this? |
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| F=1.8 x C + 32 |
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| Conversion formula between fahrenheit and celsius |
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| C=K -273 OR K=C + 273 |
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| Conversion factor between celsius and Kelvin |
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| least significant digit tenth |
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| Normally, uncertainty is in the ____; we estimate to the nearest ____ of the smallest marking. |
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| always |
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| Digits that have been measured are ___ significant. |
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| non-zero |
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| Any ___ digit is significant |
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| significant |
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| Zeros between non-zero digits are ____ (e.g. 1406). |
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| decimal point |
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| Zeros beyond the ____ at the end of a number are significant (e.g. 5.060). |
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| NOT significant |
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| Zeros preceding the first non-zero digit in a number are ____ (e.g. 0.00056). |
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| ambiguous |
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| Numbers having trailing zeros without a decimal point are said to be ____ (e.g. 2380). |
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| True |
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| T/F: All digits in scientific notation are significant. |
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| fewest number |
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| Sig figs in multiplication and division:the answer is expressed to the ____ of significant figures. |
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| smallest decimal places |
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| Sig figs in addition and subtraction: the sum or difference shold be rounded to the same number of decimal places as there are in the measured quantity with the ___ number of ____. |
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| all |
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| Sig figs in exact numbers: ____ are significant. |
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| exact numbers |
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| Numbers that are defined or can be counted without any room for error |
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| True |
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| T/F: conversion factors are considered exact numbers (and therefore all numbers are significant) |
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| True |
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| T/F: Metric to metric and english to english conversions are exact numbers. |
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| True |
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| T/F: The only english to metric conversion that is exact is 1 in = 2.54 cm |
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| True |
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| T/F: Absolute values are always positive. |
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| conversion factor |
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| A ____ is used to convert from one unit to another using their equivalency. |
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| derived |
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| Volume and density are ____ quantities. |
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| length |
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| Volume is a derived quantity and can be seen as coming from ____. |
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| intensive extensive |
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| ____ properties of pure substances are independent of amount; ____ properties are dependent upon the amount of the substance. |
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| density BP MP color flavor |
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| Examples of intensive properties |
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| mass volume |
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| Examples of extensive properties |
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| chemical |
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| Properties seen when a pure substance is involved in a chemical reaction |
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| physical |
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| Properties of pure substances that can be seen without changing the identity of the substance (e.g., color, density, MP, BP) |
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| physical |
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| Any change in states of matter is a ____ change and involves physical properties |
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| melting point boiling point density solubility |
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| Four quantitative physical properties of substances |
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| density |
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| The ratio ofmass to volume of a substance, expressed as g/mL or g/cm3 |
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| density |
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| ____ can be used as a conversion factor between mass and volume. |
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| solubility |
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| The amount of solute that can dissolve in a particular amount of solvent, normally expressed in grams of solute that dissolves in 100 grams of solvent |
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| saturated |
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| When a solvent holds as much solute as it can hold, we say the solution is ____. |
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| unsaturated |
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| Any amount less than the amount for saturation in the solvent means the solution is ____. |
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| supersaturated |
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| If a solution holds more than the amount for saturation, we say the solution is ____. |
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| True |
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| T/F: Warmer solutions hold more than cooler solutions. |
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| pyncnometer |
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| A ____ is a device used to measure density. |
