AP Chem Atomic Structure – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| electromagnetic radiation |
means of energy transfer, all electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light (c)
3.00 × 108
|
| wavelength ( λ) |
| distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs |
| frequency (V) |
| number of waves per second that pass a given point in space |
| wavelength in relation to frequency |
| λV = C |
| dual nature of light |
| eletromagnetic radiation exhibit both wave and particle properties |
| Max Planck |
energy is quantized and can only be gained or lost in discrete units called quanta or integer multiples of
hV,
E = nhV
h is Planck's Constant (6.626; × 10-34)
|
| Albert Einstein |
electromagnetic radiation can be viewed as a stream of "particles" called photons
E = hV = hc/ λ
also discovered that energy has mass
m = E/c2 = h/λc |
| Louis de Brogile |
All matter exhibits particlulate and wave properties
λ = mv
v is for velocity here
|
| continuous spectrum |
| contains all wavelengths of visible light |
| line spectrum |
| contains only a few lines, which correspond to discrete wavelengths |
| Bohr Model |
| E = -2.178 × 10-18 J (Z2 / n2 ) |
| Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle |
| we never know where exactly an electron is |
| Quantum Number |
| the address of an electron |
| n |
principle quantum number or the energy level
1- s 2 - s,p 3 - s,p,d 4 - s,p,d,f |
| l |
angular momentum quantum numbers
n - 1
0-s 1-p 2-d 3-f
|
| m l |
magnetic quantum number
- l to l |
| m s |
electron spin
- 1/2 + 1/2 |
| Pauli exclusion principle |
| no two electrons can have the same address or the same set of principle quantum numbers |
| Aufbau Principle |
| for every proton, there is an electron |
| Hund's rule |
| one electron in each orbital before they double up |
| Ionization Energy |
The energy it takes to remove an electron.
Increases as you go left to right in a period Decreases as you go down a group/family |
| Electron Affinity |
energy needed to ADD an electron
More negative as you go from left to right in a period More positive as you go down a group/family
|
| Shielding Effect |
| As an energy level is filled, it becomes a "shield" from the nucleus |
| Atomic Radius |
half the distance between two indentical atoms' nuclei
Decreases as you go from Left to Right in a period Increases as you go down a group/family |
| Cation |
| Positive ion, few electrons, more positive pull, so smaller than neutral parent atom |
| Anion |
| negative ion, more electrons, more repulsion, larger atom |
| The Pattern across a period |
cations get smaller anions get larger |
