Psych 228 Final Harper College – Flashcards
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Key features of emerging adulthood (Arnett)
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A. Transition from adolescence to adulthood; occurs from 18-25 years B. Identity exploration (love and work), instability, self-focused, feeling in-between, age of possibilities
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Markers of becoming an adult (U.S.)
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A. Holding a full time job (most recognized marker), economic independence
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Age of peak physical performance
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A. Typically occurs between 19 and 26 B. Muscle tone and strength usually show signs of decline around 30
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Mortality rate of emerging adults compared to adolescence
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A. Twice the mortality rate of adolescents
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Why emerging adults fail to develop health promoting habits
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A. They do not consider how their lifestyle will affect them later on
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Leptin
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A. Protein that is involved in satiety (fullness) and released by fat cells → Resulting in decreased food intake and energy expenditure
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Binge drinking
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A. Increases in college and peaks between the ages of 21 and 22
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Patterns of heterosexual behavior
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A. Casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood B. By 25 years of age, most individuals have had sex
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Results from "Sex in America" survey
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A. Suggest that adult sexual behavior is ruled by marriage and monogamy for most Americans
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Sources of sexual orientation (a continuum)
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A. A continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same sex relations B. Most likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors
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Post-formal thought
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A. More reflective, relativistic, and contextual thinking B. More realistic C. Allows for deeper cognitive processes than in adolescence
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Importance of earning a college degree
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A. Those who do not complete college have difficulty constructing a middle class life B. To get into the fastest growing job market and get the highest paying job a college degree is recommended
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Secure, avoidant and anxious attachment styles
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A. Secure: Have a positive view of relationships and find it easy to get close to others B. Avoidant: Are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships C. Anxious: Demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
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Consensual validation
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A. Our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else's are similar to ours B. Similarity: demographic characteristics, attitudes and values, interests, and personality characteristics
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What do men look for in love; what do women look for?
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A. Women: kindness, earning potential considerateness B. Men: Good looks, cooking skills, and frugality
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Matching hypothesis
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We choose partners who match our own level of attractiveness
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Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)
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A. Intimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another person B. Failure to achieve intimacy results in social isolation
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Sternberg's triangle theory of love
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1. Intimacy: Emotional element and involves self disclosure 2. Passion: motivational element, translates physiological arousal into sexual drive 3. Commitment: Cognitive element, decision to love and stay with the beloved 4. Consummate love is having all three!
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Consummate love
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Strongest form of love
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Cohabiting adults
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A. Living together in a sexual relationship without being married B. Lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce among cohabiting adults
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Most divorces occur during which years
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5th to 10th year of marriage
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Advantage of having children later in life
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Parents usually have more economic advantages and higher income for child-rearing expenses
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Middle Age
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A. 40-45 years of age to about 60-65 years of age
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Age Identity
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A. Younger than their chronological age B. Answer to the question "How old do you feel?" or "to which age group do you belong"
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Average U.S Lifespan
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78
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Reason for decreased in height with age
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Decreases as loss of bone material in vertebrae causes spine to shorten
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Sarcopenia
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Age related loss of muscle mass and strength
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Accommodation and viewing objects close up
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A. Ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina B. Experiences sharp declines between 40-59 years C. Difficulty viewing close objects
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Hearing decline in men
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High pitched sounds are typically lost first among men
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Lung capacity
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A. Lung tissue becomes less elastic at about age 55 → Decreasing the lung capacity B. Stiffening of the chest wall decreases the lungs capacity to shuttle O2
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Most common chronic disorders
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A. Cancer, heart disease, and stroke are the most common B. Rare in early adulthood but increase in middle age
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Perimenopause
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A. Transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all B. Climacteric: Midlife transition in which fertility declines
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Decline in testosterone
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Results from hormonal changes in middle aged men; often results in reduced sex drive
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Crystalized and fluid intelligence
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A. Crystalized: Accumulated information and verbal skills; continues to increase in middle adulthood B. Fluid: Ability to reason abstractly; may begin to decline in middle adulthood
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Generativity vs. stagnation
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A. Generativity: adults desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation -Highly generative people rate their lives as much more fulfilling than non-generative people B. Stagnation: Develops when individuals sense that they have done nothing for the next generation
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Midlife Crisis (How pervasive)
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A. Only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis B. Most developmentalists believe midlife crises have been exaggerated
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Daily Hassles
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A boring job, poverty, traffic, daily annoyances
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Stress and gender (fight/flight and tend/befriend)
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A. Fight or Flight: When men experience stress -Become aggressive, socially withdrawn, or drink alcohol B. Tend and befriend: When woman experience stress - Seek social alliances with others, especially female friends
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Social clock
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A. Timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks B. Today the social clock for events such as marriage, children, and retirement are less rigid IE. Pregnancy in 40's
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Big 5 Personality factors
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O- Openness: Imaginative or practical, interested in variety or routine,independent or conforming C- Conscientiousness: Organized or disorganized, careful or careless, disciplined or impulsive E- Extraversion: Sociable or retiring, fun loving or somber, affectionate or reserved A- Agreeableness: Soft hearted or ruthless, trusting or suspicious, helpful or uncooperative N- Neuroticism: Calm or anxious, secure or insecure, self satisfied or self pitying
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Engaging in mutual activities (in marriage)
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Regularly engage in mutual exciting activities that BOTH partners enjoy are more likely to view the relationship as positive
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Most cited reason couples stay in unhappy marriages
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For the children
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Why women divorce
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verbal, physical, emotional abuse
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Why men divorce
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No particular reason, fell out of love
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Empty nest syndrome
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Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home
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Boomerang kids
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Children who leave home for college and return home are on the cusp of young adulthood
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Reason's grandparents are thrust back into parenting
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Parents cannot manage parenting responsibilities -Drug or alcohol abuse, adolescent pregnancy, parental divorce
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Sand which generation
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Typically occurs in the fifties when there can also be pressure to take care of one's own children or grandchildren
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Why women live longer
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Estrogen slows aging process and the second X chromosome and more social support
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Centenarians (what country has the most)
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100 plus group is the fastest growing age group of all **U.S. has the highest number of centenarians
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Young old and oldest age by age
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A. Young old age 65-84 (Typically healthy, relatively wealthy) B. Oldest age are 85 and more (More likely to be physically frail
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Biological theory: Evolutionary
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A. Evolutionary Theory: Natural Selection favors genes that increase reproductive fitness (Which is present in early adulthood) and caring for our offspring until they reach sexual maturity and these genes are likely to be passed onto future generations
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Biological theory: Cellular Clock Theory
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Cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times **Telomere Shortening: Cells become defective they are replaced through cell division
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Biological theory: Free Radical
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Damage is caused by unstable bodily processes (gene mutations, metabolism) and environmental factors or injury
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Biological theory: Hormonal Stress
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Aging in the bodies hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
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Hayflick's human life-span potential age limit
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*Part of cellular clock theory *Some point when cells stop dividing and replicating
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Calorie-restriction and free radicals
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•Part of Free Radical Theory •Free Radicals: Byproducts created by metabolism; unstable oxygen molecules contributing to cell damage •Calorie Restriction: Reduce oxidative damage
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Allostatic load
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•Wearing down of body systems •May results from continuous accommodation of physiological systems in response to stressors
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Stress hormones and chronic diseases
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•Prolonged, elevated levels of stress related hormones have been associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes
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Brain Shrinkage
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•Brain loses 5% to 10% of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 years •Affects physical coordination and intellectual performance •Volume decreases due to: Shrinkage of neurons, lower numbers of synapses, and reduced length of axon
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Parkinson's Disease
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•Chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis •Triggered by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the brain
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Declining Immune System
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•Extended duration of stress and diminished restorative processes •Exercise improves the immune system •Influenza vaccination is IMPORTANT
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Physical appearance and movement changes
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•Most noticeable changes- Wrinkles and age spots •Move more slowly caused by loss in information processing speed
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Benefits of walking regularly
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•Walking daily can significantly decrease the onset of physical disability in late adulthood
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night Driving difficulties
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•Cannot see as well in dimly lit places; diminished sensitivity to contrasts •Move trouble with glare and being blinded by bright light shining in eye
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Cataracts
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•Thickening of the lens of the eye •Causes vision to become cloud, opaque, and distorted
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Lung Capacity Decrease
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•Lung capacity drops 40% between the ages of 20 and 80
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Arthritis
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•Most common chronic disorder in late adulthood followed by hypertension •Inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
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Osteoporosis
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•Extensive loss of bone tissue •Hip problems are a common problem due to skeletal changes
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Episodic memory decline
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•The ongoing events of daily life •Recalling isolated events (What you had for breakfast last Tuesday) → Highly fragile with age, where real differences are seen between the young and old
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Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
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•Can't quite retrieve the information but you feel like you should
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Use it or lose it
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•Certain mental activities can benefit from the maintenance of cognitive skills •Reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures and concerts •Research suggests that: Mental exercise may reduce cognitive decline, disuse can result in atrophy, lower the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's
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Social security and retirement
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•Social Security → Developed by the FDR during the Great Depression in 1935, operates as a safety net, designed to keep people from being destitute, not to fund a comfortable life *By 2015, 1 out of every 2 people will work past age 65 •Retirement → Most older workers report favorable attitude, many prefer phased retirement, may prefer to remain in workforce (Better health enables to work until later ages, work to remain active and productive)
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Common predictors of depression
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•Poor health or disability •Death of a spouse or low social support
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Dementia
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•Involved a deterioration of mental functioning •20% of individuals over the age of 80 have dementia
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Alzheimer's Disease
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•Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function → Directly attacks our neurons (Esp. those that produce Acetylcholine) → Neurons are replaced by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques •Symptoms: Memory impairment, repeating of questions, irritability, anxiety
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Integrity vs. Despair
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•Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent •Integrity → "It's a Wonderful Life" **The sense that one has live a useful life and must come to terms with: 1. Who one is and has been 2. How one's life has been lived 3. Opportunities gained and lost 4. Come to terms with death •Despair → Failure to achieve integrity can lead to hopelessness because of too little time to make meaningful changes = Depression
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Life Review
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•Looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting them
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Virtue of Wisdom
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•Successful resolution of the crisis
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Socio-emotional selectivity theory
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•Older adults become more selective about their social networks, spending more time with individuals with who they have had rewarding relationships
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Self esteem and declining health
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•Tends to decline significantly in the 70's and 80's because of: -Declining health -Being widowed, institutionalized, or physically impaired -Having a low religious commitment
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Agism
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•Prejudice against other because of their age •Can lead to discrimination in the work place
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Eldercare
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•Helping the elderly with instrumental ADL's they can age in place •Instrumental ADL's: Cooking, cleaning, shipping •Basic ADL's: Self Care activities (eating and going to toilet)
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U.S. Attitudes toward death
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•It is not uncommon for Americans to reach adulthood without ever having seen someone die
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Brain Death
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•Person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time •Persistent vegetative state: High cortical functioning (Thinking and feeling) has ceased while brain stem functioning continues (Heartbeat, breathing)
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Advance Directives
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• Written document spelling out instructions with regard to life prolonging treatment if the person becomes irretrievably ill and cannot communication his or her wishes •Four Types: 1. Living Will: spell out a person's wishes for life sustaining treatment in case he or she becomes permanently incapacitated or unable to communicate 2. Durable POA for health care: Authorizes a specific person to make health care decisions if he or she becomes incapacitated or unable to make wishes 3. Do not Resuscitate DNR: Specifies that no efforts will be made to revive him or her in case of cardiac arrest 4. Do not Hospitalize DNH: Specified that in a medical crisis, they should not be transferred to a hospital for emergency care
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Passive/ Active Euthanasia
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•The act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering •Passive: Withdrawing potentially life saving interventions (Feeding Tubes) •Active: Taking action to help the person die **Physician Assisted → prescribes a lethal medication to a terminally ill
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Hospice
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•Program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible
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Palliative Care
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•Emphasized in Hospice Care •Reduces pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity
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Kubler Ross- Stages of Dying
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1.Denial → Person may believe the diagnosis was a mistake (Second opinion) 2.Anger → Person may lash out or maybe even at a doctor 3.Bargaining → Person may plead for more time, often to God 4.Depression → Person becomes distraught by the thought of his or her death 5.Acceptance → Final stage where the person begins to accept his or her fate
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Grief
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•Emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, and sadness
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Advantage of knowing one is dying
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•Person can reflect on his or her life •They make arrangements and decisions about their death •They have opportunity to reminisce and converse with others
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Good Death
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•Being able to die with dignity
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Sudden, violent, or traumatic deaths
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•Sudden Deaths: are likely to have more intense and prolonged effects on surviving individuals
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Why women have an easier adjustment to death of a spouse
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•Due to increased social networks
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Older vs. younger widows adjustment to death
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•Older widows adjust better than younger widows
