Ch. 35-41 – Flashcard
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In early 1945, the United States was extremely eager to secure the Soviet Union's participation in the projected invasion of Japan because A. the Soviets would become so engaged in East Asia that they would not expand further into central Europe; B. without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated; C. American casualties were expected to be high if only Americans were involved; D. Roosevelt believed that Stalin's involvement in Japan could help to control the communists in China; E. Roosevelt did not want Stalin to become aware of the atomic bomb secret
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C
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Which of the following were not among the key decisions made by Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill at the Yalta Conference? A. The Soviet Union would attack Japan within three months in exchange for territorial concessions; B. The Soviet Union would sponsor free elections in Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania; C. Occupation zones in Germany would be assigned to each of the victorious great powers' D. The Soviets and Americans would militarily withdraw from Europe after a peace treaty was signed; E. A new international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations, would be set up.
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D
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The crucial origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in A. North Africa; B. East Asia; C. the Middle East; D. the Third World; E. Eastern Europe
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E
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When the Soviet Union denied the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by A. Asking the United Nations to intervene; B. Denying the Soviets access to West Germany; C. Declaring that an iron curtain had descended across Central Europe; D. Organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin; E. Sending an armed convoy to Berlin
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D
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Soviet specialist George F. Kennan framed a coherent approach for America in the Cold War by advising a policy of A. Détente; B. Appeasement; C. Containment; D. Rollback; E. Negotiation
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C
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Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged A. To refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps; B. Maintain prosperity in America after World War II; C. Give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism; D. Support those who were resisting subjugation by communists; E. work to liberate the captive nations of Eastern Europe
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D
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The fundamental idea of the containment doctrine, embraced by President Truman, was A. The Soviet Union should be gradually forced to give up its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe; B. The Soviet Union should be prevented from trading with nations in Africa and Asia; C. the West and the Soviet Union should seek to contain the spread of nuclear weapons; D. Soviet communist expansion in regions of the world should be blocked by firm political, economic, military, and diplomatic defense of free peoples and nations by America; E. military competition between the West and the Soviets should be replaced by economic competition
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D
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President Truman's Marshall Plan called for A. an alliance to contain the Soviet Union; B. economic aid for Japan; C. foreign economic and military aid for Eastern Europe to resist Soviet occupation; D. military supplies for Britain and France; E. substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe
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E
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American membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did all of the following for the country except A. Strike a major blow to American isolationists; B. Strengthen the containment of the Soviet Union; C. Reduce our defense expenditures, since we would get help from other countries; D. Reassure Europeans that the United States would not abandon them; E. Help reintegrate Germany into the European family
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C
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The NSC-68 document reflected the American belief A. in the futility of containment; B. in the limitless capabilities of the American economy and society to support a giant rearmament program to expand the American military; C. that huge sacrifices would be needed by Americans to fight the Cold War; D. that we needed help to fight the spread of communism; E. All of these choices are correct
answer
B
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President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when A. MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles against China and North Korea; B. MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea; C. MacArthur demonstrated he had lost the trust, morale, and support of U.N. troops under his command in Korea; D. MacArthur's open insubordination and criticism of Truman's orders on military policy in Korea prompted his firing by the president; E. the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not
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D
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Which of the following was not among the features of the increasing domestic anticommunist uproar in the late 1940s and early 1950s? A. The Federal Bureau of Investigation successfully prevented theSoviets from stealing American atomic secrets; B. Radical and liberal voices in unions, universities, churches, and civic institutions were muzzled; C. The House Un-American Activities Committee successfully exposed the State Department's Alger Hiss as a Communist agent; D. Two American citizens, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were executed as Soviet spies; E. Teachers and other employees in many states were forced to sign loyalty oaths
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A
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The passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by A. a desire to expand the social diversity of American colleges and universities; B. fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans; C. fear of postwar veterans' protests; D. memories of the mistreatment of the veterans' Bonus Army in the 1930s; E. the need of American business for a more highly educated workforce
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B
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President Truman's domestic legislative plan was dubbed the A. Fair Deal; B. New Deal; C. New Frontier; D. Real Deal; E. Square Deal
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A
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In 1948, many southern Democrats split from their party to support Governor J. Strom Thurmond because A. China had fallen to the communists; B. President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights; C. they found the Republican candidate, Thomas E. Dewey, more sympathetic to their conservative ideology; D. they opposed American membership in the United Nations; E. Truman appointed an ambassador to the Catholic Vatican City
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B
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Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on the underpinnings of A. a thriving automobile industry; B. colossal military budgets; C. foreign aid; D. foreign trade; E. income and business tax cuts on the wealthy
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B
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Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the A. Frostbelt; B. Midwest; C. Northeast; D. Pacific Northwest; E. Sunbelt
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E
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By 1960, the proportion of Americans who lived in areas classified as metropolitan suburbs was approximately A. 10%; B. 25%; C. 40%; D. 50%; E. 75%
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B
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Children of the baby boom A. became the foundation of the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s; B. comprised a lucrative market for prepared baby food and other infant products; C. did not have access to the disposable income to spend substantial money on consumer goods such as clothes and music; D. grew into teenagers who spend $20 billion a year on clothes and music; E. All of these choices are correct
answer
E
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The 1963 best-seller The Feminine Mystique A. Appealed to educated women who felt bored by the limitations of the housewife role; B. Is often credited with inspiring the modern women's movement; C. spoke to working women struggling against being labeled as "unfeminine."; D. was written by American feminist activist Betty Friedan; E. All of these choices are correct
answer
E
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The fundamental criticism directed against the new popular mass media culture in the 1950s, by such social critics as David Riesman and William H. Whyte, Jr., was that A. Affluence tended to erode Americans' moral character; B. Americans had become affluent conformists unable to think for themselves; C. It did not reflect the cultural tastes and preferences of racial and ethnic minorities in America; D. The open sexual displays of figures like Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe were morally dangerous; E. the wealth produced by the new mass economy was unevenly distributed
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B
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The record would seem to indicate that President Eisenhower's strongest commitment during his presidency was to A. Party loyalty; B. Political reform; C. Racial desegregation; D. Social harmony; E. Social justice
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D
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The new militancy and restlessness among many members of the African American community after 1945 was especially generated by A. Blacks' increasing awareness during and after the war of the gap between American democratic ideals and racial practices; B. Dwight Eisenhower's commitment to civil rights; C. The agitation of A. Philip Randolph; D. The appointment of Thurgood Marshall, chief legal counsel of the NAACP, to the Supreme Court; E. The growing moral criticism of segregation by white church leaders
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A
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Swedish writer Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma essentially argued that A. Altering racial segregation would create great problems for America's neighborhoods and schools; B. America's racial segregation was a hypocritical contradiction of its democratic ideals; C. The civil rights movement was bound to overturn segregation; D. The divisions over race might well lead to a new North-South conflict; E. The United States would become a more and more racist society
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B
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In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court A. Declined to rule on whether segregated facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional; B. Declared that the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional; C. Ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools; D. Rejected desegregation; E. Upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson
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B
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The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was the A. Airport construction program; B. Grand Coulee dam project; C. Interstate highway system; D. Public housing system; E. Urban public subway and light rail project
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C
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As president, Dwight Eisenhower supported A. A stronger voice for organized labor; B. Putting the brakes on military spending; C. The abolition of the Social Security system; D. The continuation of the Tennessee Valley Authority; E. The dismissal of his secretary of health, education, and welfare for condemning free distribution on the Salk polio vaccine as socialized medicine
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B
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As the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minh's communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower A. Agreed to send small military units to aid the French; B. Refused to permit any American military involvement; C. Relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles; D. Refused to permit any American military involvement; E. Threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists
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BD
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The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could A. Condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East; B. Criticize Israel's foreign policy; C. Invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine; D. Use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands; E. Use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions
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D
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In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 A. Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur; B. Scientists blamed America's slowness on poor math and science education in the schools; C. The federal government began spending billions of dollars to improve American science, math, and foreign language education through the National Defense Education Act (NDEA); D. The Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery; E. The United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement
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C
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The Paris summit conference, scheduled for 1960, collapsed because of the A. Bay of Pigs; B. launching of Sputnik; C. Quemoy episode; D. Suez crisis; E. U-2 incident
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E
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The factor that may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was A. His age; B. His family; C. His religion; D. His televised debates with Richard M. Nixon; E. President Eisenhower's heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office
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D
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John F. Kennedy's strategy of flexible response A. Called for a variety of military options that could be matched to the scope and importance of a crisis; B. Cut back nuclear weapons in favor of guerrilla forces; C. Required increased spending on a variety of nuclear weapons systems to be deployed around the world; D. Was an updated version of John Foster Dulles's doctrine of massive retaliation; E. Was used in his battle with the leadership of the steel industry
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A
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American military forces entered Vietnam in order to A. Establish defensive perimeters around Saigon and other Vietnamese cities; B. Help to stage a coup against Ngo Dinh Diem; C. Prevent Ngo Dinh Diem's regime from falling to the communists; D. Promote democratic reforms in South Vietnam; E. Try to drive the communists out of North Vietnam
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C
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The Bay of Pigs invasion failed when A. Anti-Castro Cubans in Florida refused to support the effort; B. President Kennedy's use of U.S. air power led to the capture of American pilots; C. The anti- Castro exiles were defeated by the Cuban military; D. The Cuban rebel forces lost the Battle of Havana; E. The Soviet Union intervened to protect the Castro government
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C
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When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba, President Kennedy ordered A. A ground invasion of Cuba naval landing at Guantamano Bay; B. A naval quarantine of that island; C. An aerial bombing of all of Cuba; D. Surgical air strikes against the missile sites; E. The installation of nuclear weapons in Turkey
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B
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The Freedom Riders A. protested segregation by torching buses on segregated routes A. Protested segregation by torching buses on segregated routes; B. Sought to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers; C. Were African Americans who sought to integrate public school buses; D. Were involved in the sit-ins across the South to end segregation; E. None of these choices are correct
answer
B
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During the 1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have A Dream Speech," in which he proclaimed A. That a black man would one day be president; B. That blacks would become more militant if their rights were not secured; C. That blacks would return to Africa if they were not granted their civil rights by the U.S. government; D. That his children would one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin; E. All of these choices are correct
answer
D
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At the time of his death, President John Kennedy's civil rights bill A. Had been passed, but greatly weakened by amendments; B. Had been passed, much to the satisfaction of African Americans; C. Was locked in a filibuster in the U.S. Senate; D. Was on the desk waiting to be signed into law; E. Was still bogged down in Congress
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E
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President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the A. Fair Deal; B. Great Crusade; C. Great Society; D. Johnson Revolution; E. New Frontier
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C
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With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution A. Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam; B. Congress maintained its war-declaring power; C. the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear D. the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons; E. the United States declared war on Vietnam
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A
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In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs A. Actually increased the poverty rate; B. Did no good at all; C. Proved that poverty could not be papered over with greenbacks; D. Received more money than they could effectively spend; E. Won some noteworthy battles in education and health care
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E
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The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except A. Banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public; B. Banning sexual as well as racial discrimination; C. Creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission; D. Prohibiting discrimination based on gender; E. Requiring affirmative action against discrimination
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E
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The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the A. Civil Rights Act of 1964; B. Twenty-Fifth Amendment; C. Twenty-Fourth Amendment; D. Twenty-Third Amendment; E. Voting Rights Act of 1965
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C
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After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of the black civil rights movement in the South became to A. End discrimination in housing; B. Gain equality in education; C. Integrate private social clubs and organizations; D. Prohibit racial discrimination in employment; E. Secure the right to vote
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E
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Some advocates of Black Power, recollecting the black nationalist movement of the Marcus Garvey, made the movement the basis for A. Emphasizing African American distinctiveness and separatism; B. Encouraging the end of racially based identity and culture; C. Promoting affirmative action in education and employment; D Upholding the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.; E. Violent overthrow of the U.S. government
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A
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Aerial bombardment in Vietnam by the Johnson administration A. Destroyed North Vietnamese industry; B. Had no effect on the war; C. Strengthened the communists' will in North Vietnam and in South Vietnam to resist American efforts to persuade them to sue for peace; D. Strengthened the will of America's South Vietnamese allies to fight; E. Worked very well
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C
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The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy A. Came with the bombing of Cambodia; B. Came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States; C. Occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned; D. Occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearings on the war; E. Was the Tet offensive of 1968
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E
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Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the United States should A. Continue the war in pursuit of an honorable peace; B. Escalate the bombing of North Vietnam; C. Negotiate an immediate end to the Vietnam War; D. Withdraw American forces from Vietnam; E. Withdraw U.S. troops to safe enclaves
answer
A
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In the worldwide youthful protests of 1968, the movement in ____ succeeded in toppling the government, while the movement in ____ ended in harsh repression and failure. A. France; Czechoslovakia; B. Germany; Britain; C. Japan; the United States; D. Poland; France; E. the United States; France
answer
A
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The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States during the 1960s A. Arose from the music and drugs of the time; B. Did not occur anywhere else in the world at that time; C. Had deep historical roots in American culture; D. Touched all institutions except religion; E. Was a new phenomenon for America
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C
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President Nixon's policy of Vietnamization of the war in Vietnam called for A. A full-scale conventional invasion of North Vietnam; B. A gradual handover of the ground war to the South Vietnamese; C. A new emphasis on the aerial bombing of North Vietnam; D. An end to all American military and economic aid to South Vietnam; E. Reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into anti-guerrilla units
answer
B
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The top-secret Pentagon Papers, leaked and published in 1971 A. Documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of Tonkin; B. Exposed the blunders and deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations in pursuing American involvement in the Vietnam War; C. Exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of Cambodia; D. Revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate scandal; E. Was the first the American public knew of the Nixon Doctrine
answer
B
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Richard Nixon's policy of détente A. Found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party; B. Increased diplomatic tensions with the Soviet Union, but relaxed diplomatic tensions with China; C. Ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union; D. Was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China; E. Was a failure
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C
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The Supreme Court's Miranda and Escobedo decisions came under sharp attack from many conservatives because they A. Guaranteed the rights of criminal suspects against mistreatment by the police; B. Overturned laws prohibiting unnatural sexual acts; C. Prohibited any official recognition of religion in public education; D. Upheld laws prohibiting private property owners from polluting rivers and lakes; E. Upheld laws requiring busing to achieve racial balance in public schools
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A
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The 1973 War Powers Act A. Compelled President Nixon to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia; B. Ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer army; C. Gave the president the power to commit troops without declaring war; D. Required Congress to approve funds for military operations; E. Required presidential reporting and congressional approval of extended troop commitments
answer
E
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As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973, when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria A. America had to reduce its aid to other nations; B. Arab nations placed an embargo on oil to America; C. Egypt and Syria broke off diplomatic relations with the United States; D. Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal; E. The Soviet Union started sending arms to Syria and Egypt
answer
B
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The difference between Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action programs and those of Richard Nixon was A. That Johnson established quotas and Nixon ended them; B. That Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help individuals; C. That Johnson intended to help individuals against discrimination in employment and education, but Nixon conferred employment and educational privileges on specific groups; D. That Nixon's actions applied only to educational opportunities and did nothing for employment, while Johnson's helped both; E. Very small
answer
C
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The ____ Amendment ____ the voting age to ____. A. Twenty-Sixth; raised; twenty-one; B. Twenty-Fourth; lowered; eighteen; C. Twenty-Fifth; raised; nineteen; D. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; eighteen; E. Twenty-Sixth; lowered; sixteen
answer
D
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Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that A. He had executive privilege (confidentiality); B. It would violate his Fifth Amendment rights protecting him from self-incrimination; C. It would violate his right to privacy; D. Portions of the tape were erased; E. They were inaudible
answer
A
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Lyndon Johnson's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and funding the Great Society without a tax increase to pay for them led to A. A decline in the competitive advantage of American business; B. A drastic inflation of prices in the 1970s; C A growing reliance on overseas trade to sustain the American economy D. Severe cutbacks in the size of the federal government; E. The U.S. government defaulting on some of its debts
answer
B
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Congressman Gerald Ford had become vice president of the United States when A. He was selected to replace Spiro Agnew as Nixon's vice president in the 1972 campaign; B. Nelson Rockefeller resigned the vice presidency to become governor of New York; C. Nixon was impeached and Congress needed to select a new president; D Spiro Agnew resigned on corruption charges and Nixon appointed Ford under the Twenty-Fifth Amendment; E. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment made the Speaker of the House vice president in case of potential impeachment
answer
D
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When the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale invasion of South Vietnam in 1975 A. All the South Vietnamese who supported the United States were trapped inside the; B. The Chinese intervened to seek a neutral settlement; C. The South Vietnamese government quickly collapsed; D. The United States provided even more military aid to South Vietnam; E. The United States renewed bombing against North Vietnam
answer
C
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The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972 and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following A. "Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of privacy in marital relations or reproduction."; B. "Equal access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be abridged on account of race, gender, or physical handicap."; C. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the basis of sex."; D. "Nothing in this Constitution shall be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of equal pay for equal work to women."; E. "The equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged."
answer
C
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The "boat people" were A. A second wave of Vietnamese people who sought to escape Vietnam's oppressive communist regime for freedom; B. Cambodians who came to the U.S. seeking a better life after the Vietnam War; C. Cuban refugees who fled communism and landed in Florida; D. The first wave of Vietnamese immigrants who fled to the United States immediately after the fall of Saigon; E. None of these choices are correct
answer
A
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The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, which held that integration did not have to take place across school district lines, was to A. Cause Congress to pass laws equalizing school funding in different districts; B. Encourage voluntary busing programs; C. End school busing programs in favor of the neighborhood school; D. Reinforce the division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all-white suburbs; E. Turn public attention to eliminating segregated housing patterns
answer
D
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The first wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement, and the second wave of feminism grew out of the ____ movement A. Abolitionist; Civil Rights; B. Evangelical revival; Gay; C. Peace; Environmental; D. Progressive; Antiwar; E. Prohibition; Black Power
answer
A
question
James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won the presidency because A. He brought in a team of highly respected and experienced cabinet members and advisers; B. He had a clear plan to solve the energy crisis; C. He was a born-again Southern Baptist; D. He was widely known as skilled in dealing with Congress and Washington; E. His emphasis on honesty contrasted with the corruption of Watergate
answer
E
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The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy was A. Containment; B. Détente; C. Human Rights; D. Isolationism; E. Roll Tide
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C
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President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the American economy in the late 1970s was. A. The absence of price controls on domestic oil production; B. The exhaustion of domestic oil supplies; C. The high import fees on foreign oil; D. The loss of a manufacturing base; E. U.S. dependence on foreign oil
answer
E
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President Carter's malaise speech was notable for A. Chiding Americans for falling into a moral and spiritual crisis in their quest to acquire material goods; B. Demonstrating his close ties to the American people and the mood of the country C. Forecasting the future problems the nation would face if it did not address its dependency on foreign oil; D. Inspiring Americans to become more involved in their communities and local government; E. Predicting the economic downturn of the 1970s
answer
A
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The first major trouble to afflict President Carter's foreign policy was the A. Collapse of the Camp David accords between Israel and Egypt; B. Ominous reheating of the Cold War with the Soviet Union; C. Panamanian seizure of the Panama Canal; D. Taking of American hostages by Afghan revolutionaries; E. Threatened Chinese invasion of Taiwan
answer
B
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The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional because they A. Violated the First Amendment by using a religious definition of person; B. Violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular burden on women not placed on men; C Violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering with doctors' professional medical practices; D. Violated a woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person; E. Wrote into law a particular philosophical and scientific view of human life that imposed unfair treatment on those who disagreed
answer
D
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The most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis came when A. President Carter's attempted mission to rescue the hostages ended in disaster; B. Some of the U.S. hostages took the side of their Iranian captors; C. The Iranians demonstrated their ability to drive up American oil prices; D. The militant Muslim Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran; E. The United States was exposed as trading arms to Iran for the freedom of hostages
answer
A
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The New Right movement that helped to elect Ronald Reagan was spearheaded by A. Evangelical Christians; B. Fiscal Conservatives; C. Gold-Standard Advocates; D. Midwesterners; E. Neoconservatives
answer
A
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Ronald Reagan was similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt in that both men A. Championed the common man against vast, impersonal menaces; B. Disliked big business; C. Favored social engineering by the government; D. Had run for vice president before being elected president; E. Were raised in wealthy families
answer
A
question
Ronald Reagan's essential domestic goal as president was to A. Cut back on military expenditures; B. Dismantle the welfare state and shrink the size of the federal government; C Reform public education; D. Remove government interference in people's private lives in such areas as abortion and pornography; E Transfer welfare programs to the states
answer
B
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Ronald Reagan's supply side economic advisers assured him that the combination of budgetary discipline and tax reduction would do all of the following except A. Boost productivity; B. Deplete overall tax revenues for the federal government; C. Foster dramatic economic growth; D Reduce the federal budget deficit; E. Stimulate new investment
answer
B
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To President Reagan, "the focus of evil in the modern world" was A. Anti-American terrorists; B. Communist China; C Political Liberalism; D. The Federal Bureaucracy; E. The Soviet Union
answer
E
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For the Soviet Union's new policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) to work, it was essential that the A. Cold War end; B. Communist Party engage in democratic competition; C. Soviets keep control of Eastern Europe; D United States and Western Europe sign free trade agreements with the Soviet Union; E United States send economic and food aid to the Soviet Union
answer
A
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The Iran-Contra Affair essentially involved A. hiring Iranian militants to fight for the Contra cause in Central America; B. secretly recognizing the Iranian regime while claiming to be boycotting it; C. selling arms to both sides in the Iran-Iraq War; D. selling arms to Iran in exchange for hostages and using the profits to illegally fund the Nicaraguan Contras; E. using both Iranian and Nicaraguan Contra agents to help free American hostages in Lebanon
answer
D
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One of the greatest consequences of Reagan's expansion of the federal debt was to A. Make foreigners reluctant to accept American bonds; B. Make further military spending impossible; C. Make it harder to get private loans; D. Make new social spending practically and politically impossible; E. Undermine the value of the dollar overseas
answer
D
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Members of the religious right A. Used prayer meetings as a political organizing tool; B. Were also involved in the anti-abortion or "right-to-life" movement; C. Were an answer to sixties radicalism; D. Were opposed to affirmative action; E All of these choices are correct
answer
E
question
In the cases of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court A. Declared that the issue of legalized abortion should be completely determined by the states; B. Invalidated states' restrictions on abortion as contrary to the fundamental abortion rights decision of Roe v. Wade; C. Overturned Roe v. Wade; D. Permitted states to put some restrictions on abortion, while fundamentally upholding the abortion rights decision of Roe v. Wade; E. Severely restricted abortion to the first two months of pregnancy
answer
D
question
The Democrats' hopes for the 1988 election rose sharply because of major scandals in the Reagan administration involving A. Bribes involving business deals in the Soviet Union; B. Election fraud; C. Kickbacks for oil leases on federal lands; D. Payoffs for U.S. hostages and campaign contributions from foreign corporations; E. The Iran-Contra affair and savings-and-loan banks
answer
E
question
In response to the collapse of the Soviet Union, President George Bush called for a "new world order" where A. Democracy would reign supreme and diplomacy would replace weaponry; B. NATO would guarantee security and peace in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; C. Russia would join the democratic West in containing communist China; D. The U.N. Security Council would assert sovereignty over the rival nation-states; E. The United States would serve as policeman for the world
answer
A
question
The United States joined its allies in the Persian Gulf War in order to A. Demonstrate that the U.S. military could conduct a major ground war thousands of miles from its home bases; B. Guarantee a permanent U.S. naval presence in the Middle East; C. Regain control of the Middle East oil supply; D. Roll back Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; E. Support Israel against the growing threat from the Arab states
answer
D
question
The result of the Persian Gulf War was that A. Kuwait was liberated but Saddam Hussein stayed in power; B. The United States and Iraq bogged down in a stalemate in the desert; C. The United States won the war with air power alone; D. Saddam Hussein retained political control of Kuwait but was prevented from overthrowing the rulers of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E. Saddam Hussein was overthrown by rebel Iraqis who received American aid
answer
A
question
The Americans With Disabilities Act A. Passed only when Congress overrode President George H. W. Bush's veto; B. Prohibited discrimination against 43 million citizens facing mental or physical challenges; C. Required the government to hire disabled Americans; D. Provided scholarships and student loans to people with physical or mental disabilities; E. None of these choices are correct
answer
B
question
In the 1992 national elections, Democratic candidate Bill Clinton A. Campaigned as a new Democrat who proposed to move away from his party's traditional liberalism; B. Campaigned on a platform criticizing President Bush's leadership in the Persian Gulf War; C Effectively prevented third-party candidate Ross Perot from taking votes away from the Democrats; D. Proved inarticulate and unable to respond to sharp Republican attacks on his character and record; E. Stayed away from economic issues because of the growing prosperity under President Bush
answer
A
question
In the beginning of the Clinton administration, First Lady Hillary Clinton was heavily criticized for A. Advocating too strongly for the role of women in the administration; B. Considering running for office in her own right; C. Developing an excessively complex health care plan that was quickly dropped by Congress; D. Not publicly criticizing her husband's sexual affairs; E. Taking too large a role in managing her husband's administration; F thru Z. All of the above
answer
C
question
President Clinton aroused the hostility of liberals within his own party when he A. Appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg to the Supreme Court; B. Backed the "don't ask, don't tell" policy regarding gays; C. Put his wife Hillary Rodham Clinton in charge of health care reform; D. Signed the Welfare Reform Bill; E. Vetoed the Welfare Reform Bill
answer
D
question
Which of the following was not among the areas where President Clinton's foreign policy stumbled in the first years of his presidency? A. American troops in Somalia; B. Bringing democracy to Haiti; C. Ethnic conflict in the Balkans; D Ethnic violence and massive deaths in Rwanda; E. Relations with America's European allies in NATO
answer
E
question
The two articles of impeachment passed by the House of Representatives against President Clinton charged him with A. Adultery and misuse of federal office facilities; B. Bribery and jury tampering; C. Foreign policy deception and misuse of the Central Intelligence Agency; D. Malfeasance of funds and defiance of Congressional spending restrictions; E. Perjury and obstruction of justice
answer
E
question
The razor-thin 2000 presidential election was finally settled by A. A complete recount of Florida's votes that gave a majority there to George W. Bush; B. A federal commission that awarded Florida's electoral votes to George W. Bush; C. A vote by states in the House of Representatives; D. The Florida Supreme Court determining that George W. Bush had won Florida's electoral votes; E. The Supreme Court's ruling ending a recount of Florida's votes and declaring George W. Bush the winner of Florida's electoral votes and, thus, giving an Electoral College majority to George W. Bush
answer
E
question
Which of the following demonstrated the persistent racial divide in America during the 1990s? A. The contrasting attitudes of whites and African Americans to the not guilty verdict in the O.J. Simpson murder case; B. America's segmented and separate residential patterns with minorities making up majorities within many American cities and whites dominating the suburbs; C. The outbreak of the Los Angeles riots following the acquittal of white police officers who had been videotaped viciously beating a black suspect; D. Massive partisan differences among black and white voters with African Americans and other minorities becoming more consequential parts of the Democratic base and whites gravitating increasingly to the Republicans; E. All of these choices are correct
answer
E
question
The rise of computer corporations like Microsoft and dot.com businesses signaled the advent of A. Entrepreneurial capitalism; B. Industrial technology; C. Mass democracy; D. The global information age; E. The speculative stock market
answer
D
question
By the 2000s, the traditional nuclear family unit was undergoing severe strain because A. parent-substitutes had assumed the role of child-rearing; B. the divorce rate had increased; C. the number of single-parent households had risen; D. the family no longer served many of its traditional social functions; E All of these choices are correct
answer
E
question
The Latino immigrant population maintained their language and culture better than most previous immigrant groups because A. They were so thinly scattered across the country; B. They lived in segregated neighborhoods; C. Of their large numbers and geographic concentration; D. Of a stronger desire to preserve their culture than previous groups had; E. They remained politically loyal to the Latin American nations from which they came
answer
C
question
The most populous group of Latinos in the United States comes from A. Cuba; B. El Salvador; C. Mexico; D. Nicaragua; E. Venezuela
answer
C
question
In general, the effects of the electronic new media in the early twentieth century were A. Complementary to the interests of the traditional mainstream media; B. Democratizing for ordinary citizens; C. Of greater benefit to corporations than to ordinary citizens; D. Restricted to those with extensive education and training in their use; E. Used to reinforce existing political and economic power structures
answer
B
question
The Branch Davidians were a(n) A. Organization of fiscal conservatives promoting a reduced deficit; B. Fundamentalist sect assaulted by the federal government; C. Branch of the House of David within the Jewish community; D. Underground militia plotting rebellion against the federal government; E. Group of liberal Democrats opposed to Clinton's new Democrat policies
answer
B
question
President Clinton's primary political legacy was that he A. Revived the vigorous liberal traditions of the Democratic party; B. Established a firm direction for American foreign policy after the Cold War; C. Consolidated the Reagan-Bush revolution by encouraging reduced expectations of government; D. Restored faith in elected officials if not in big government; E. Turned the Democratic party away from his historic commitments to racial and social justice
answer
C
question
A widespread public attitude of the early 1990s that affected many areas of politics and society was A. A greater faith in the federal government than in local and state government; B. A strong confidence about the ability of federal, state, and local governments to solve domestic problems; C. Confidence in the purpose and direction of American foreign policy; D. Disillusionment and distrust of the federal government; E. Fear of attack from Islamic fundamentalism
answer
D
question
The new cabinet-level agency charged with protecting America against foreign terrorist attacks was the A. Central Intelligence Agency; B. Coast Guard; C. Department of Homeland Security; D. Federal Bureau of Investigation; E. USA-Patriot Act
answer
C
question
The USA-Patriot Act allowed among other things A. Permitting break-ins of suspected Americans' homes; B. Suspension of habeas corpus constitutional protections for detained terrorism suspects; C. The detention and deportation of immigrants suspected of terrorism; D. The use of the U.S. Military in domestic police operations against terrorism; E. Trying suspected foreign terrorists before military tribunals
answer
C
question
To President George W. Bush, "the axis of evil" that menaced American security consisted of the nations of A. France, Germany, and the Netherlands; B. Iran, Iraq, and North Korea; C. Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria; D. Russia, China, and Cuba; E. Sudan, Egypt, and Libya
answer
B
question
After ousting Saddam Hussein from power, the U.S. military in Iraq was faced with A. A confident new democratic Iraq; B. A warm reception from the Iraqi people; C. An invasion of Iraq by militant Arab states; D. The abuse of American prisoners by the remnants of Hussein's army; E. Violent resistance from Iraqi insurgents and foreign militants drawn to the country
answer
E
question
George W. Bush defeated John Kerry in the election of 2004 especially by claiming that A. He enjoyed strong support in the international community, which would not back Kerry; B. He had a more effective plan for strengthening the economy and promoting foreign trade; C. He was a strong leader in the war on terrorism and it would be inadvisable to change presidents in the middle of the war in Iraq; D. He would do more for welfare and social reform, while Kerry would hold back progress; E. Kerry was wrong in his promotion of campaign finance reform
answer
C
question
President George H.W. Bush's compromise plan to offer a "path to citizenship" for 12 million illegal immigrants tightened border control and penalized illegal immigrant hiring and A. Displeased nativist interests, business groups, and immigrant rights groups, resulting in his defeat in Congress; B. Gained powerful political momentum through the support of the Catholic Church; C. Sharply divided immigrant groups between those favoring and those opposing it; D. Was welcome by most immigrants and their advocates; E. Won strong support from most elements of his Republican party
answer
A
question
The Great Recession of 2008 that rocked the world in the autumn of that year was A. Caused by the collapse of the Wall Street investment firm of Lehman Brothers; B. Caused by the unsuccessful nationalization of the two biggest mortgage companies, "Freddie Mac" and "Fannie Mae."; C. Not immediately addressed by the Bush administration, which took several months before responding to the economic collapse; D. Precipitated by the bursting of the American housing bubble; E. Prompted by the sudden, unanticipated ending of the Federal Reserve System's easy-money policies
answer
D
question
The "Tea Party" that emerged in the summer of 2009 was A. Comprised of people claiming to be angry about expanding government programs, influence and spending; B. Mobilized to end the war in Iraq; C. Mobilized to increase government spending to end the Great Recession; D. Started by former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin; E. Supported by a combination of spending cuts and tax increases to close the federal budget deficit
answer
A
question
One of the key U.S. government interventions to address the economic fallout of the recession of 2008 was A. A massive income and business tax cut to stimulate business activity; B. Creating a Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) to give hundreds of millions of dollars to buy toxic assets and inject cash into the nation's biggest banks and corporations; C. Liquidation of all of the mortgage assets of the Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae") and the Federal Home Mortgage Corporation ("Freddie Mac"); D. Nationalization of a handful of American banks; E. None of these choices are correct
answer
B
question
The health care reform law passed in March 2010 popularly known as "Obamacare" included the following provisions except it A. Allowed children up to the age of twenty-six to remain covered by their parents' health plans; B Established medical panels that rationed and restricted expensive health care services and procedures for chronically ill patients; C. Mandated all Americans to purchase health insurance starting in 2014; D. Prohibited insurers from denying medical insurance coverage to anyone with a preexisting medical condition; E. Provided subsidies to those below certain income thresholds to help pay for private insurance
answer
C
question
Which of the following measurement(s) demonstrated the growing inequality in America from the mid-1960s to 2012? A. Some 46.5 million Americans or 15 percent of all Americas remained mired in poverty in 2012, and the poverty rate among Hispanics and African Americans was even higher in 2012; B. The income earned by chief executives was 20 times as much as the average worker in their corporations; in 2012, they earned 273 times as much as the average company worker; C. The top 5 percent of income earners saw their share of the national income grow from about 15 percent in 1968 to approximately 22 percent in 2012; D. The top 1 percent saw their share of national income increase from about 8 percent to approximately 19 percent in 2012; E. All of these choices are correct
answer
A
question
The money used to provide Social Security payments to retirees comes from A. Private employers' pension funds; B. Social Security taxes paid by current workers; C. The contributions made by the elderly during their working lives; D. The federal income tax; E. The federal government's investment of Social Security contributions in the stock market
answer
B
question
One of President Obama's greatest disappointments in domestic policy during his second term has been A. His failure to persuade the Supreme Court to declare Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 unconstitutional and abolish the federal clearance provisions of the law to changes in election law made by particular states; B. His failure to persuade Congress to enact comprehensive immigration reform that would provide undocumented immigrants with a pathway to citizenship; C. His inability to repeal the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy D. His failure to persuade the Supreme Court to declare the 1995 Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional; E. His failure to persuade the Supreme Court to uphold Arizona's immigration law, authorizing local police to detain people if there was a "reasonable suspicion" they were undocumented immigrants
answer
B
question
Which of these is NOT among the challenges facing America and Americans in the twenty-first century? A. Diminishing oil supplies and the need for alternative energy sources; B. Enhancing national security without eroding civil liberties; C. Protecting the nation's borders without preventing desirable immigrants from coming to the U.S.; D. The increasingly unequal distribution of wealth; E. Women increasingly surpassing men in the workforce
answer
E
question
Which of the following helped account for President Obama's reelection over Republican Mitt Romney in 2012? A. The Supreme Court upholding government limits on political expenditures by corporations, unions, and advocacy groups in the case of Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2012).; B. The multiracial coalition that supported Obama and the Democrats, particularly Latinos, had grown demographically in electoral importance by 2012; C. Mitt Romney ran as a moderate Republican, blurring the political differences between Obama and himself, making the contest a personality-driven contest; D. Political and economic equality ceased to be a central theme of the 2012 election; E. None of these choices are correct
answer
B
