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During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

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Stagflation

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An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

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OPEC

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1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

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Watergate

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An action by the House of Representatives to accuse the president, vice president, or other civil officers of the United States of committing "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

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Impeachment

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(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

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Gerald Ford

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an organization formed to run Nixon's 1972 reelection campaign, which was linked to the Watergate scandal.

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Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP)

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A declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment

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Pardon

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Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.

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Helsinki Accords

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(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

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Jimmy Carter

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when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

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Energy Crisis

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1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

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Three MIle Island

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A speech by Jimmy Carter to Americans after he returned from a retreat with presidential advisors in which he listed all domestic and foreign problems in the US, admitted he didn't have solutions, and admitted that our greatest problem was the Americans' lack of confidence in themselves and American pride. Importance: This speech made Americans hate Carter because they expected him to come out of the retreat with a solution to the domestic and foreign problems. This hate led to him not being elected as president again.

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Crisis of Confidence

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(1978) were negotiated at the presidential retreat of Camp David by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

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Camp David Accords

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Carter did not send the US team to boycott against the SU because they invaded Afghanistan which was against the Helsinki Accords

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1980 Summer Olympics

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In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

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Iranian Hostage Crisis

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1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

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Ronald Reagan

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the policies of the first reagan administration which increased defense spending reduced social programs and cut taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the economy by cutting government interference and taxes

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Reagan Revolution

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An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. (Also called Reaganonmics)

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Supply-side economics

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Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

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Evil Empire

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Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

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Strategic Defense INitiative (SDI)

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Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.

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Iran-Contra Scandal

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Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

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Perestroika

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"openess", aimed to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberty, ending party censorship. This is a huge break with the past and very successful. (Basically is no longer communsim).

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Glasnot

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republican, former director of CIA, oil company founder/owner, foreign policy (panama, gulf war), raised taxes eventhough said he wouldnt, more centrist than his son, NAFTA negotiation

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George H. W. Bush

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(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious. (Operation Desert Storm)

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Persian Gulf War

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Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction.

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Saddam HUssein

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An economic pact that combined the conomies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico into one of the world's largest trading blocs.

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

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(CAA, 1970) set emission standards for cars and limits for release of air pollutants

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CLean Air Act

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the nation's first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities, prohibiting discrimination in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications.

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Americans with DIsabilities Act (ADA)

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(1996) Defines marriage as man-woman. No state is forced to recognize same-sex marriage (unconstitutional exception to full faith & credit clause?)

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Defense of Marriage Act

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A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001

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Al-Qaeda

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(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

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Osama bin Laden

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prosecutor against Clinton in the Lewinsky scandal; led to the impeachment of Clinton

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Kenneth Starr

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A global network connecting millions of computers, making it possible to exchange information.

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Internet

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43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

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George W Bush

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Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College

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Al Gore

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this case ruled in favor of Bush by saying that recounting the votes in certain counties of Florida was unconstitutional because of equal protection of the law; Gore's wish to make the process as simple and painless as possible backfired

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Bush v Gore

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Elaborate terrorist attack masterminded by Bin Laden directed at the world trade center , pentagon, and U.S. capital

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9/11

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Once an icon for the global economy in New York, became a target for terrorism in 1993 and 2001; al Queda was solely responsible for the 9-11 attacks

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World Trade Center

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(1971) Defense Department document revealing government's lack of honesty in its communication about Vietnam

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Pentagon

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A proposal by President Bush in 2002 which would consolidate 22 federal agencies and nearly 170,000 federal employees

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Department of Homeland Security

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Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined war on terror aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.

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War on Terror

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began on October 7, 2001,[28] as the armed forces of the United States and the United Kingdom, and the Afghan United Front (Northern Alliance), launched Operation Enduring Freedom in response to the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling the Al-Qaeda terrorist organisation and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base.

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War in Afghanistan

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War in which the US led an international coalition in an invasion of Iraq for the purpose of deposing Saddam Hussein. Its justification was based largely on intelligence reports that Saddam had "weapons of mass destruction" and ties to terrorism. Although Saddam was removed from power, no weapons of mass destruction were found and many criticize Bush's decision to wage the war.

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War in Iraq

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A U.S. law enacted in 2001 that was intended to increase accountability in education by requiring states to qualify for federal educational funding by administering standardized tests to measure school achievement.

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No Child Left Behind Act

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Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and in is inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion.

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Hurricane Katrina

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The worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world.

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Financial Crisis of 2008

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