Globalization CEA – Midterm, Spring 2016 – Flashcards

-Globalization is the pursuits of classical liberal (or "free market") policies in the world economy ("economic liberalization") Example: the expansion of the iPhone -Globalization is the proliferation of new information technologies (the "Internet Revolution") -The growing dominance of Western (or even America) forms of political, economic, and cultural life ("Westernization," "Americanization," at times "McDonalization") -The notion that humanity stands at the threshold of realizing one single unified community in which major sources of social conflict have vanished ("global integration") (-Plus side: the solidarity we feel helps us work together) (-Down side: We always have our self interests at heart, our society comes first) A Notable Definitions of Globalization: -The intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in a way that local happenings are shaped by events occuring many miles away, and vice versa (Gidden, 1990) -Globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means that our lives are increasingly shaped by events that occur, and decisions that are made, at a great distance from us -A process through which sovereign nation-states are crisscrossed and undermined by transnational actors with varying prospects of power, orientations, identities, and networks (Beck,200) -Which means... -geographical distance is of declining relevance -territorial borders are less significant -there is a deepening and broadening of the political process -Local, regional, national, international, and global events constantly interact Additionally: -We pursue connections with other countries for economic reasons (it benefits all trade, there is an element of SECURITY IN TRADE in trade, conflict is less likely. We have FEWER WARS TODAY BECAUSE OF TRADE, most wars are civil. -globalization = more countries trying to trade as equally as possible) -Free market is important because no country makes everything/creates respect in us for others who create) -Increasing interconnectivity of the world - economy, transport, communication, ect.) -You can leave your home and still be at home)

1. The Age of Discovery (1450 - 1850) -European expansion and conquest ( -The age of navigators and explorers, the age of people finding and discovering the rest of the world. It was finding out that we are living on one small planet, transportation (invention of boats that can cross oceans) and progression (steam power and trade)) 2. The Age of European (1850 - 1945) -European Empires - expansion/entrenchment of European empires -1850s are then the industrial revolutions in terms of production and consumption; the second wave of globalization was also the age of European Empires (Around the world in 80 days) 3. The Age of Technology (1960 - today) -Microchip/satellite, shift of economic power from West to East -Globalization is linked to colonization, has happened three times.

*1648, established legal basis for modern statehood, and implied fundamental rules for world politics *Brought the 30 Years' War to an End -Skeptics say globalization is just a growing interdependence, links between colonies -Globalization: deterritorialization, integration, time-space compression -D:C. from internationalization (states grow interdependent, but remain separate) and different from regionalization (connections between geographically close states, example: EU) Westphalia: Agreement among European leaders to recognize each other's right to rule their own territories, free from outside interference Westphalian Constitution: gave birth to modern state system -Territoriality: states have boarders -Sovereignty: within boarders, state has exclusive/supreme authority) -Autonomy: self-government *Sovereignty is the idea that other nations respect your boarders and merchants, knowing that if they don't, they might get a war. Post-Westphalian: -Sovereignty is a shared exercise of public power -Territory is still important, but global bodies can transcend boarders -the two above (disaggregated state) -State Autonomy: We must engage in multilateral cooperation. State autonomy is somewhat compromised in order to act on policy that affects the local and international level -Globalization is transforming, not burying, the Westphalian ideal of sovereign statehood, which in turn.... -Disaggregated State -international agencies, NGOs

States grow interdependent, but remain separate

Connections between geographically close states Example: European Union

The Rise of the West (Is modernization equal to Westernization?) -The will to establish trading empires was associated with the development of sovereign states with strong central government -The breakdown of Feudalism stimulated a market society and then the growth of industrialization Historical Context: -Politics and history are inextricably linked. -In a simple sense, politics is the history of the present while history is the politics of the past -The Modern world makes little sense without some understanding of the momentous events that have shaped world history, particularly during the 20th century. Does it mean the demise of the sovereign nation-state? -Hyperglobalists say YES - governments are unable to control their own economies and society -Sceptics say NO - globaloney, states and geopolitics remain the principle agents shaping world order

*Basically colonization *scramble for colonies *the theory that you make empires/create them *a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means." Imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world. It has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas and has been largely responsible for the creation of a globalized world. *Edward Said use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organized with an imperial center and a periphery. -Europe's influence on the rest of the world was extended throughout the growth in imperialism: for instance, the strive for colonies -By the outbreaks of WWI, much of the world had been brought under European control -Comparable levels of economic globalization to today's were established during the Belle Epoque ("the beautiful era") -Belle Epoque - a period characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. -The Belle Époque was named, in retrospect, when it began to be considered a "golden age" in contrast to the horrors of World War I. -Cross border migrations were also substantial -Both came to an end with WWI

To have sovereignty you need three things: (The state needs independence, not autonomous power) 1. Protection = military and police to protect people inside and outside the state 2. law = a system of common law 3. currency = common currency, common economy

Nation-state = sovereign state with one nation Nation = a group of people linked by common beliefs State = a common and sovereign administration on a specific territory

*Idealogical struggle between fascism, communism, and demo-liberalism -World War I -first total war: civilian life was deeply affected (10 million civilians died) -First modern (industrialized) war, meaning you kill more efficiently. Expansion of militarization -65 million men were mobilized, 8 million of which perished Why it happened: -The German problem - Germany was becoming too aggressive -The Eastern question - Problems with country alliances, when Ferdinand was killed by a Serbian anarchist. (Small East and big West - European country alliances (if you piss off a little eastern country, you also piss off a big European power country) (Austrian Arch-Duke Ferdinand being shot)) -Imperialism - you have colony's that want to break free of imperialism (Serbia) (the butterfly effect - when a butterfly flaps its wings it can cause a tsunami (Serbian shot the Austrian)) -Nationalism - there starts to be more identification with country/Who's the best? Everyone wants to protect their ideals -battle for power, for balance of power Aftermath: *Treaty of Versailles - get back at Germany *It was meant to be a war to end all wars, but within a generation a second world war broke out in 1939 40 - 60 million 1945 *World War I established that Europe was no longer the world's greatest power *After World War I was the mark between the end of the European rule and the beginning of the American one (and the Russian one). We imposed our way of life and understanding of the world

-Ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers after WWI -Created at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 -The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente (Allied) powers. (Russia, GB, France) -Many voices at Versailles held Germany responsible for the war, calling for the country to be crushed economically and militarily, rendered incapable of future aggression.

*The idea of National Pride. There is a growing desire to play an active role in making your country the best/believing it is the best. Pride in a nation. -Nationalism is a shared group feeling in the significance of a geographical and sometimes demographic region seeking independence for its culture and/or ethnicity that holds that group together. This can be expressed as a belief or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with or becoming attached to one's nation. Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related concept of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviors that support a state's decisions and actions.

shift from European power politics to total war End of empire/imperialism Cold war

The World War II -The World War II peace settlements -Potsdam: -Treaty of Versailles II not ratified by WWII -The global economic crisis -Nazi Expansion -Japanese expansion in Asia 1945 was a turning point in history: -decline of Europe -rise of the USA and USSR -end of colonial empires, hence the birth of many new states

-Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), was the normalization of relations between West Germany and Eastern Europe, particularly East Germany (DRG) beginning in 1969. Influenced by Egon Bahr, who proposed "change through rapprochement" in a 1963 speech, the policies were implemented beginning with Willy Brandt, fourth Chancellor of West Germany (FRG) from 1969 to 1974. -Before Ostpolitik: The Christian Democratic Union tried to combat the Communist regime of East Germany -After Ostpolitik: Willy Brandt's Social Democrats tried to achieve a certain degree of cooperation with East Germany.

-German statesman and politician, who was leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1964 to 1987 and served as Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1969 to 1974. -He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to strengthen cooperation in western Europe through the EEC and to achieve reconciliation between West Germany and the countries of Eastern Europe. -As chancellor, he maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening European integration in western Europe, while launching the new policy of Ostpolitik aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe.

-The 20th century was characterized by the ideological battle between capitalism and communism -Kissinger and others said this was the apex of IR because only 2 world powers

-Multipolarity was replaced by bipolarity (between USA and Russia) -The first phase of the cold war was fought in Europe -The division of the continent due to WWII quickly became permanent -The process of division was completed in 1949 with the creation of two Germanies and the establishment of two rival military: NATO and then (versus) the War Pact (1955) -With the Korean War (1950 - 1953), the cold war became really global The Four Ps (the makings of a good foreign policy): Peace Prosperity Power Principles *the idea was that most policies only have one or two, but some have all four. Example: Marshall Plan was good policy (all four)/Iraq was bad policy (not all four) *Foreign policy should have all four to be great. If a policy brings the country itself all four P's

*An American initiative to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave $13 billion in economic support to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II. *The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, make Europe prosperous again, and prevent the spread of communism. *To clarify the US's position, a major address by Secretary of State George Marshall was planned. offered American aid to promote European recovery and reconstruction.

-was when the USA and the Soviets invaded countries in civil wars to support the side opposing the system of government the country was against (for example, in our case we invaded Vietnam to support the side that was fighting against communism, and the soviets did the vice versa)

-brought the Cold War to Asia -The war left Korea divided -Began as a civil war between North and South Korea, but the conflict soon became international when, under U.S. leadership, the United Nations joined to support South Korea and the People's Republic of China (PRC) entered to aid North Korea (Cold War forces at work, a proxy war)

-The problem with central planning is a government planned economy can work for a year or maybe two, but after it collapses. Eventually a centralized/planned economy fails -You need competition and motivation to be a productive member of the economy 1. perestroika, = restructuring 2. glasnost = have an open economy 3. Sinatra doctrine = people can do things their way. locally, people can decide what is better for them *the fall of communism was accompanied by a wave of optimism and idealism

-M.A.D. = Mutually Assured Destruction -Neither war, nor peace - a constant state of tension -Proxy Wars - supply and arm the opposite army. (So the Soviets sent money, weaponry, and guns and then trained an army to fight off Americans, their opponents. The concept of fighting through others.) (Why did communism brutally collapse between 1989 and 1991?) year or maybe two after that it collapses, eventually a centralized/planned economy fails you need competition and motivation to be a productive member of the economy 1. perestroika, = restructuring 2. glasnost = have an open economy 3. Sinatra doctrine = people can do things their way. locally, people can decide what is better for them

Perestroika - "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system. Perestroika allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced some market-like reforms. The goal of the perestroika, however, was not to end the command economy but rather to make socialism work more efficiently to better meet the needs of Soviet consumers. Perestroika and resistance to it are often cited as major catalysts leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Glasnost: "Openness," associated with freedom of speech. Goal of this policy was to make the country's management transparent and open to debate Sinatra Doctrine: "do things your way," locally, people can decide what is better for them. Was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact states to determine their own internal affairs. The name alluded to the song "My Way" popularized by Frank Sinatra—the Soviet Union was allowing these states to go their own way.

-Was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. -While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power, or counterweight, to NATO, but there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. -When the Federal Republic of Germany entered NATO in early May 1955, the Soviets feared the consequences of a strengthened NATO and a rearmed West Germany and hoped that the Warsaw Treaty Organization could both contain West Germany and negotiate with NATO as an equal partner. -The original signatories to the Warsaw Treaty Organization were the Soviet Union, Albania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and the German Democratic Republic. Although the members of the Warsaw Pact pledged to defend each other if one or more of them came under attack, emphasized non-interference in the internal affairs of its members, and supposedly organized itself around collective decision-making, the Soviet Union ultimately controlled most of the Pact's decisions. The Soviet Union also used the Pact to contain popular dissent in its European satellites,

(1979-1985) refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West arising from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. With the election of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and United States President Ronald Reagan in 1980, a corresponding change in Western foreign policy approach towards the Soviet Union was marked with the abandonment of Détente in favor of Reagan's anti-communist policies towards the USSR, with the stated goal of dissolving Soviet influence in Soviet Bloc countries. During this time the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis. refers to a state of political and military tension between Russia and the Western world, akin to the Cold War that saw the global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the US and the Eastern Bloc led by the USSR. * -Under Clinton, US decided not to see India as an enemy anymore, (because they'd previously reluctantly chosen Moscow when it came to choosing sides), and opened relations with them, continuing today Some sources use the term as a possible[8] or unlikely future event,[9] while others have used the term to describe ongoing renewed tensions, hostilities, and political rivalry that intensified dramatically in 2014 between the Russian Federation on the one hand, and the United States, European Union, and some other countries on the other. *The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.

Relaxation of tensions Between the East and West negotiations and nuclear control agreements *Reagan and Carter Reagan: - wanted to stand completely against communism. Had a huge defense buildup. Increases the pressure on the Soviet Union. Contributed to the collapse of communism and the end of the Soviet Union.

1. The challenge of interconnectedness: -How can we make sense of a world in which everything affects everything else? 2. Cosmopolitanism: Have wider social connections between people expanded the moral universe in which we live? -(Cosmopolitanism Definition: the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality.) 3. Paradigms: enlightening or constraining? -Does interconnectedness mean that instead of choosing between paradigms, we should think beyond them? -Paradigms are the theme of the article "The End of History" -they mean that we cannot go back in time; we cannot go back to a way and thinking and acting after we have moved on from it

Analogy: *the chick and the egg analogy (as in the chick, once outside the egg, can never go back to thinking and feeling like it's inside the egg again) *just like we, upon entering adulthood, cannot return to seeing the world from the perspective of our former childhood Definition: an event that affects the whole world and changes it somehow Today's Paradigm: Liberal Democracy Explanation: From the moment the cold war ended, we think of everything in the context of liberal democracy. Essentially, we can't go back to the context of communism or facism or whatever else came before. Right now, we are living in a liberal democracy paradigm. It came to be after the Cold War when communism disappeared. Example: North Korea; the country calls itself the People's Democracy of Korea, even though its not a democracy at all. It demonstrates, however, how the whole world is living in this context of a liberal democracy right now In Terms of Globalization: This is a proof of globalization, that everyone in the world is thinking with this same frame -Can be enlightening: the paradigm makes you more more complete -Ca be constraining: it takes longer to act because you must act as an agent Relevance: "The End of History" Article, by Francis Fukuyama, written in 1989

1949: attach on one member = attack on all

-International society (IS) is any association of distinct political communities that accepts some common values, rules and institution (H. Bull) -Contemporary IS is based upon a conception of the state as an independent actor that enjoys legal supremacy over all non-state actors The Main Ingredients of IS Are: -The Principle of Sovereignty and Non-intervention -countries should respect the sovereignty of the small states -The Institutions of Diplomacy - (??????????????????????????????????????????????) -The Balance of Power -No one superpower, you need to allow countries to form alliances through diplomacy -International Law -Provides structure, if x happens then y should...international law cannot be enforced -Provides trust The Purpose: You have a group of many nations together that try to solve their problems through diplomacy, before war. The idea is, how do you prevent global wars from happening? People saw that if we had a third world war, it would be even be worse and deadly (end of human kind) with the rise of technology. International society (IS) vs. International Anarchy After WWII, the world created the United Nations to prevent another world war. We (all the nations of the world) have a common goal of protecting the world as best as we can. We fear our weaponry now because another world war would bring us all to an end. Thus, the difference between international Anarchy and International Society.

The Structural Weaknesses of Soviet Style Communism: -inherent failings of central planning -Unresponsive to popular unrest The Impact of Gorbachev's Reform Process: Perestroika (restructuring), glasnost (openness), Sinatra Doctrine (they can do it their way) US Policy and the "Second" Cold War -Renewed US military build up under Reagan Relevance to Globalization: Caused economic and cultural globalization A Fall of Communism was Accompanied: A New World Order: -A fall of communism was accompanied by a wave of optimism and idealism. -The end of superpower rivalry opened up the possibility of the "liberal peace" founded on a common recognition of international norms and standards of morality -However, the early promise of international harmony and cooperation quickly proved to be illusory as new forms of unrest and instability rose to the surface -Which ones?

-The advent of global terrorism is often seen as the main factor of instability in the 21st century -Terrorism is mostly linked to a "civilizational" struggle between the West and Islam

-Economic globalization was intrinsically linked to the growing economic dominance of the USA -US influence over the burgeoning power of transnational corporations, but also the IMF, the GATT (replaced by WTO in 1995) and the World Bank has been decisive in wedding these institutions to free market and free trade policies since the 1970s. -Rise of new economic powers (BRICS) and shift from west to East Decline of the USA? -The 2008 economic crisis has left the USA in a weakened international position -Europe: a work in progress (?????????????????????????????????????) -The rebuilding of Russia (????????????????????????????????????) -The Chinese Challenge (?????????????????????????????????????)

-No one sees the world 'as it is' -We all look at the world through a veil of theories, presuppositions and assumptions -Observation and interpretation are bound together -Theory gives shape and structure to an otherwise shapeless and confusing reality How to think Globally? -In global politics the theories come from International relations, the two dominant perspectives have been realism and liberalism -Initially realists believe that global politics is characterized by unending conflict, while liberals have believed in the possibility of cooperation and enduring peace -Today, new voices such as Neo-Maxism, social constructivism, poststructuralism, feminism, post colonialism or green politics are being heard

*It claims to offer a "realistic" (hard-headed, devoid of wishful thinking/morality) account of world affairs Two Core Assumptions: -People are essentially selfish and competitive, meaning that egoism is the defining character of human nature -The state-system operates in a context of international anarchy, in that there is no authority higher than the sovereign state Key Themes: 1) State egoism and conflict -The state is the legitimate representative of the collective will of the people, outside of the states is anarchy. -New powers are relevant through their global impact on the balance of power. Power transitions are dangerous and unsettling. 2) Statecraft and the national interest -All states deserve survival, power is gained through increasing military capacities. -International anarchy and its implications -Structure:Domestic vs Anarchy:International. -Polarity, stability and the balance of power -If the survival of a state is theoretical because of the presence of a hegemonic state or coalition of stronger states, it should join forces to establish an alliance to check the power of the opposing side. -Example: Cold War, Warsaw Pact and NATO *Overestimated the shared set of common interests of nation-states. Cold War exposed the problems of realism. *Non-state actors: Transnational corporations *Intra-state war = civil wars = current state of affairs. *Niccolò Machiavelli "The Prince"

Liberalism: -The ideological force shaping Western political thought -Marginalized after WWII due to the failure of the liberal inspired Versailles Settlement, it came back from the 1970s onwards, often as "neoliberalism" -It emphasizes the scope for cooperative behavior within the international system while not denying its anarchic character

-A post-positivist approach -No objective reality -People "construct" the world they live in -Theory is always for something and for some purpose -A will to challenge the global status quo (norms, values, assumptions) The Key Critical Perspectives: -Marxism, neo-marxism and critical Theory -Social Constructivism -Poststructuralism -Feminism -Green Politics -Postcolonialism

Marxism: -Materialist conception of history -History is driven through a dialectical process in which internal contradictions lead to a social revolution and a new and higher mode of production -A classless society is the objective -The desire for profit would drive capitalism to "strive to tear down every barrier to intercourse" and "conquer the whole earth for its market" (Marx, 1873) -According to Lenin imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism Marxism, Neo-Marxism and Critical Theory: -Main radical alternative to mainstream liberal or realist thinking -In international theory, two contrasting tendencies: -Primary attention to economic analysis; capitalism is a system of class oppression operating at a national and international level (neo-Marxism) -Greater emphasis on the ideological and cultural dimensions of oppression (critical theory)

-Marxism was revived in the 1970s to explain global patterns of poverty and inequality -Neocolonialism/"dollar imperialism" - from gold standard to dollar standard -The world system: interrelationships between the "core," the "periphery" and the "semi-periphery" *Neo-colonialism (so we might get our clothes from Southeast Asia and we might not own those countries, but we still exploit the heck out of them)

-Gramsci (1891 - 1937) -The capitalist class system is upheld not simply by unequal economic and political power, but by the hegemony (idealogical domination) of bourgeois ideas and theories -What is "common sense?"

-Gramsci is best known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how states use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies -Developed an acute analysis of how the ruling capitalist class - the bourgeoisie - establishes and maintains its control. -Capitalism, Gramsci suggested, maintained control not just through violence and political and economic coercion, but also through ideology. The bourgeoisie developed a hegemonic culture, which propagated its own values and norms so that they became the "common sense" values of all. People in the working-class (and other classes) identified their own good with the good of the bourgeoisie, and helped to maintain the status quo rather than revolting.

-Emerged alongside postmodernism -It emphasizes that all ideas are expressed in language which is enmeshed in complex relation of power (incredulity towards metanarratives) -Strongly criticized for it's relativism ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? -In crude words: Knowledge is Power GGGGOOOOOOOGGGGGLLLEEEEEEEEE this concept!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

-His theories addressed the relationship between power and knowledge, and how they are used as a form of social control through societal institutions. -Though often cited as a post-structuralist and postmodernist, Foucault rejected these labels, preferring to present his thought as a critical history of modernity. -His thought has been highly influential within post-anarchism. -Discovered that history is written by those who have the power and the knowledge (literacy), written by victors, while the stories of the powerless (women, children, illiterate), were not represented at all -The discovery of what is missing from a map of culture (what is not represented) gives indication of the cultural power-knowledge structures at work

-Empirical feminism has challenged the sexist exclusion of women and women's issue from CONVENTIONAL analysis -Analytical feminism has exposed the extent to which the theoretical frameworks of global politics is based on gender biases -Conflicts vs. Collaboration Conflicts vs collaboration: 1960-2000, idea men are focused on conflict, women are focused on collaboration. War is masculine by choice. Today if you go to war you go to war with the entire country. Reminder that humanity is 50% women.

-Based on the belief that there is no objective social or political reality indecent of our understanding of it -People's beliefs and assumptions construct the world in which the act according to those constructions -Interactions between agents and structures are always mediated by ideational factors (values, theories, ect.) -It affects both the agents and how they operate

-Written by Alexander Wendt, a renowned social constructivist scholar, as a Response to Kenneth Waltz's neorealist text -According to Alexander Wendt, an anarchy of friends is not the same as an anarchy of enemies -Friends: believe everything will be okay and everyone has a common goal -Enemies: Complete chaos and mainly shaped by disagreements. What is at stake is very different. -What is at stake here? -Critics of constructivism have argued that it fails to recognize the extend to which beliefs are shaped by social, economic, and political realities ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? LOOK INTO THIS MORE

-Impact since issues such as "limits to growth" or the "population time bomb" in the 1970s (google what these issues entail!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) -increased in the 1990s as a result of a growing concern about climate change (archetypal global issue (what does this mean?!?!) and nuclear power (look into this more in the book!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) -From Lovelock's "Gaia Hypothesis" to sustainable development: the central theme is an intrinsic link between humankind and nature

-Theorists of post colonialism have tried to expose the cultural dimension of colonial rule -Legitimacy of non-western and at times anti-western ideas, cultures and traditions. -Said's orientalism: The hegemony of the West is maintained through stereotypes demeaning and belittling non-western people -Humanitarian interventions as Eurocentric (!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!))))

-More than ever before in human history, we share a common destiny. We can master it only if we face it together. -The growth in the number of international organizations (IO) has been one of the most prominent features of world politics since 1945.

-An international organization is an institution with formal procedures and a membership comprising three or more states. They can be thought of as... -as instruments through which states pursue their own interests, -as arenas that facilitate debate, -as actors that can affect global outcomes They appear in a wide variety of forms; the most common bases for categorizing IOs are: -Membership - wheather they have universal or restricted membership. Can be either universal to all nation-states (like the UN) or restricted (like the EU) -Competence - whether their responsibilities are issue-specific or comprehensive. The organization can be issue specific (like NATO, NAFTA) or comprehensive (UN, EU) -Function - whether they are programmed organizations or operational organizations -Programmed: each member will locally follow or not follow -Operational: Organizations come in and conduct operations themselves, like NATO coming in with the military -The EU could be both, but is mostly a program organization. A common European defense: that would be operational -Decision making authority - whether they are examples of intergovernmentalism (state is the highest actor) or supranationalism -US is not part of any supranational organizations -The EU is supranational Why were IOs created? -Liberalist Perspective - Because of the existence of interdependencies among states, which encourage policy-makers to believe that international cooperation can serve common interests -Realist Approach - Because of the presence of a hegemonic power willing and able to bear the costs of creating, and sustaining, and IO -Critical Approach Theorists - Because they reflect and to some extent exist to consolidate the wider inequalities and imbalances of the global system Some IO's: -The United Stations -The Eu -Peace Corps

What it is: -The UN is the only truly global organization ever constructed (since 1945, successor of the League of Nations) -Nevertheless it is a hybrid body, configured around the competing needs to accept the realities of great power politics and to acknowledge the sovereign equalities of member states The UN's Principal Aim: To maintain international peace and security, with responsibility for this being vested in the Security Council (15 members) -However, the UN has been restricted in carrying out this role particularly by the veto powers of the P-5 and the lack of independent military capacity -The UN's mixed performance in peacekeeping has led to an increasing emphasis on the process of peace building Promoting Economic and Social Development: -The UN's economic and social responsibilities are discharged by a sprawling and, seemingly, ever-enlarging array of programs, funds, and specialized agencies It's Main Areas of Interest Are: -human rights, -development and poverty reduction, -protection of the environment *Such widening concerns have ensured strong support for the UN across the developing world The P-5: USA UK France Russia China (+1 = Germany) *193 recognized nation-states in the UN today United (?) Nations (?) -The UN faces a range of important challenges and pressures for reform -These include: -those generated by the challenging location of global power in an increasingly multipolar world -those associated with criticisms of the compositions and powers of the Security Council -Those related to the UN's finances and organization

Non Government Organization, E.G. the Red Cross, PETA

-It is the process whereby all national economies have, to a greater or lesser extent, been absorbed into an interlocking global economy -However, there have been major debates about the extent to which economic life has been globalized as well as about the impact, for good or ill, of economic globalization -Capitalism Realist: My moral values should not be imposed on you and yours should not be imposed on me Universalist: We are all part of one The Clash of Worlds French Globalization: Globalization: The pursuit of classical and liberal (or "free market") policies in the George F. Kenan= US policy of containment.

*A system of generalized commodity production in which wealth is owned privately and economic life is organized according to market principals *Adam Smith - Father of Capitalism *economic competition requires open-trade. - Capitalism based on the idea of Adam smith and the market competition and that the market is a self propelling force that regulates itself -Enterprise capitalism, social capitalism and state capitalism nevertheless differ in relation to the balance within them between the market and the state Enterprise Capitalism: - Free Market (USA) Social Capitalism: -(basically communism) -there's more of a focus on long term investment rather than short term -the central idea is the theme of a central market, which marries market competition with social cohesion and solidarity. It can be inflexible and expensive. Critics say it's a contradiction -Example: Germany State Capitalism: -Examples: France (a mix between social and enterprise capitalism), Japan state capitalism -the government will do things like subsidize industry or provide benefits to workers who display loyalties. -State guided investment - research and trading facilities

- Wrote "The Wealth of Nations"(1776), is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. -Smith is cited as the father of modern economics -Smith laid the foundations of classical free market economic theory. "The Wealth of Nations" was a precursor to the modern academic discipline of economics. In this and other works, he expounded upon how rational self-interest and competition can lead to economic prosperity. -known as the father of modern capitalism

-The advance of neoliberalism reflects the ascendance of enterprise capitalism over rival forms of capitalism. -Supporters of neoliberalism claim that, in association with economic globalization, it is a reliable vehicle for generating global growth -Its critics have associated it with widening inequality, financial crises and political 'shocks' of various kinds (????????????????????????????????????????)

-Despite its global success, capitalism has always been susceptible to booms and slumps -Marxists have explained these crisis in term of an inherent tendency of capitalism towards overproductions -Schumpeter drew attention to the business cycle, stemming from the disposition within capitalism towards 'creative destruction'

-popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics in the 1950s -derived it from the work of Karl Marx -According to Schumpeter, the "gale of creative destruction" describes the "process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one" -the concept refers more broadly to the linked processes of the accumulation and annihilation of wealth under capitalism -implies not only that capitalism destroys and reconfigures previous economic orders, but also that it must ceaselessly devalue existing wealth (whether through war, dereliction, or regular and periodic economic crises) in order to clear the ground for the creation of new wealth -Business Cycles: -Used in the indefinite sense, a business cycle is a period of time containing a single boom and contraction in sequence. -Business cycles are usually measured by considering the growth rate of real gross domestic product. Despite being termed cycles, these fluctuations in economic activity can prove unpredictable. -A boom-and-bust cycle is one in which the expansions are rapid and the contractions are steep and severe.

-They have derives from the trench, implicit for some in neoliberal globalization, in favor of 'financialization' -This has created what have been dubbed 'casino capitalism,' a highly volatile and unpredictable economic system that allows speculative bubbles to develop and then collapse, their impact extending, potentially across the world -The financial crisis of 2007 - 2009: Origins? Results? (Haywood chapters) ???????????????????????????

-The World Systems Theory -developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is an approach to world history and social change that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited. Core (Countries) = are the industrialized capitalist countries on which periphery countries and semi-periphery countries depend. Core countries control and benefit from the global market. They are usually recognized as wealthy nations with a wide variety of resources and are in a favorable location compared to other states. They have strong state institutions, a powerful military and powerful global political alliances. -Examples: United States, most of Western Europe, Canada, Australia Semi-Periphery (Countries) = the industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between the periphery and core countries. Semi-periphery countries have organizational characteristics of both core countries and periphery countries and are often geographically located between core and peripheral regions as well as between two or more competing core regions. Semi-periphery regions play a major role in mediating economic, political, and social activities that link core and peripheral areas. These regions allow for the possibility of innovative technology, reforms in social and organizational structure, and dominance over peripheral nations. Semi-periphery also serves as a position within the world hierarchy -Examples: Brazil, Mexico, India Periphery (Countries) = those that are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. These countries usually receive a disproportionately small share of global wealth. They have weak state institutions and are dependent on - according to some, exploited by - more developed countries. These countries are usually behind because of obstacles such as lack of technology, unstable government, and poor education and health systems. In some instances, the exploitation of periphery countries' agriculture, cheap labor, and natural resources aid core countries in remaining dominant. This is best described by dependency theory, For periphery countries to rise out of their status and move into semi-periphery or core status, they must do things such as industrializing, stabilizing the government, etc. -Examples: Most of Africa, Central-America, and Eastern Europe -The world system is based around the realtionships between the three -The Core Periphery - first world countries -if you are the core, or closer to the core, the more important you are...if you're in the priperary no one cares about you

-Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

1979 work, "Theory of International Politics," the canonical text of the neorealist school.

Summary/Main Points: -With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. The Truman Doctrine effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts. -The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to actively offering assistance to preserve the political integrity of democratic nations How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

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Summary/Main Points: Jihad States - states but not countries, their a culture that inhabits nations and they are trying to break away from those nations, and the globalization we are seeing today and become a nation of their own that's more homogenous How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: "The richer and more powerful a civilization is, the deadlier its barbarism." - Gill Berhashcar How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: Criticisms: How it Relates to Globalization: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: Public Response:

Summary/Main Points: How it Relates to Globalization: Criticisms: It made a lot of broad generalizations, and people wondered if they were even the right generalizations Public Response: Received badly

Everything below this line is for Quiz #2:

The principal mechanism modern states employ to "legislate" international law is multilateral diplomacy, which is commonly defined as cooperation between three or more states based on, or with a view to formulating, reciprocally binding rules of conduct.

It is a norm of the modern international legal system that states are obliged to observe legal rules because they have consented to those rules. The only exception to this concerns rules of customary international law, and even the implied or tactic consent plays an important role in the determination of which rules have customary status.

Modern international law is characterized by a distinctive form or argument, justification, or reasoning. As the accompanying text explains, this practice is both rhetorical and analogical.

In many historical periods, and many social and cultural settings, the political and legal realms have been entwined. For instance, the Absolutist conception of sovereignty bound the two realms together in the figure of the sovereign. In the modern era, by contrast, the political and legal realms are thought to be radically different, with their own logics and institutional settings. Domestically, this informs ideas about the constitutional separation of powers; internationally, it has encouraged the view that international politics and law are separate spheres of social action. This has not only affected how the academic disciplines of international relations and law have evolved, but how state practice has evolved.

a set of principals, norms, rules, and decisoin-making procedures that states and other international actors accept as authorative in an issue-area

Human Rights Council

Drafts the Universal declaration of Human Rights -list of internationally recognized human rights