question

In early and middle childhood, on average, children add ____ inches in height and _____ pounds in weight each year.

answer

2 to 3; 5

question

Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ______ percent of its adult weight to _____ percent.

answer

70% to 90%

question

The Cerebellum

answer

aids in balance and control of body movement. (gains ins motor coordination)

question

Myelinization of the __________ throughout childhood and into adolescence contributes to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.

answer

reticular formation (gains in sustained, controlled attention)

question

An inner-brain structure called the ____________ plays a vital role in memory and spatial awareness.

answer

Hippocampus (gains in memory and spatial understanding)

question

Genes

answer

control body's production of hormones

question

Growth Hormone (GH)

answer

From the Pituitary Gland; development of body tissues

question

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

answer

From Pituitary Gland; brain development and GH support

question

Fibers linking the __________ to the __________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination.

answer

cerebellum; cerebral cortex

question

Thyroid-stimulating hormone prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release __________, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone to have its full impact on body size.

answer

Thyroxine

question

Why U.S. children lag behind other countries in immunizations

answer

Cost, Parent's stressful daily lives, Misconceptions about vaccine safety, Parent's religious or philosophical preferences

question

Factors related to childhood injury*

answer

-Gender and temperament - Single parenthood, low parental education, parent's daily stresses - Societal conditions (poverty, shortage of child care, teenage parents, weak safety measures)

question

About _____ percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations.

answer

23%

question

Which of the following is one reason the United States lags behind Denmark, Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Canada in immunizations?

answer

Many American children do not have access to the healthcare they need

question

_________ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries.

answer

Unintentional injuries

question

_______________ are strongly associated with childhood injury.

answer

Poverty, single parenthood, and low parental education

question

Changes in Gross/Fine Motor Skills: 2-3 years

answer

uses spoon, hops

question

Changes in Gross/Fine Motor Skills: 3-4 years

answer

-draw recognizable pictures - "tadpole" image

question

Changes in Gross/Fine Motor Skills: 4-5 years

answer

more complex drawings walks down stairs, throws ball , tricycle use fork & scissors

question

Changes in Gross/Fine Motor Skills: 5-6 years

answer

runs, bikes, throwing pattern uses knife, ties shoes, draws full person

question

With age, make-believe play gradually:

answer

-Detaches from real-life conditions -Becomes less self-centered -Becomes more complex

question

Benefits of make-believe play

answer

- Contributes to cognitive and social skills. - Strengthens mental abilities: Executive function Memory, Logical reasoning, Language and literacy, Imagination and creativity, Emotion regulation, Taking another's perspective

question

What true about the development of make-believe play?

answer

Older preoperational children are aware that make-believe play is a representational activity

question

Researchers today believe that make-believe play

answer

children's cognitive and social skills

question

Egocentrism

answer

Failure to distinguish others' viewpoints from one's own. - Leads to animistic thinking (believing inanimate objects have lifelike qualities) and magical beliefs - Prevents reflecting on and revising faulty reasoning

question

Conservation

answer

an object's physical characteristics remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

question

Centration

answer

Focus on one aspect, neglecting others

question

Irreversibility

answer

inability to mentally reserve a series of steps

question

Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating

answer

conservation

question

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

answer

centration

question

In Piaget's conservation-of-liquid problem, preoperational children are easily distracted by the ________ of objects and ignore the ___________ between events.

answer

perceptual appearance; dynamic transformation

question

The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is its

answer

irreversibility

question

Private Speech

answer

- Children's self-directed speech for self-guidance - follows scaffolding - Becomes silent, inner speech with competence ((Vygotski's term for Piaget's egocentric speech))

question

Vygotsky's make-believe play, increase self-control and..

answer

Preschoolers who spend more time engaged in Sociodramatic play are better at inhibiting impulses, regulating emotion, and taking personal responsibility for following classroom

question

The Young Child's Theory of Mind: Metacognition involves

answer

thinking about thought.

question

According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

answer

helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks.

question

Research shows that children more often use private speech when

answer

tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed

question

Vygotsky viewed __________ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood.

answer

make-believe play

question

Understanding of________ is associated with early reading ability.

answer

false beliefs (explicit)

question

Autism means

answer

"absorbed in the self"

question

Autistic children are impaired in theory or mind meaning

answer

they cannot attribute mental states to themselves or others. - Lack emotional and social capacity needed for understanding of mental life

question

Possible explanations of Autism

answer

executive function impairment or incomplete information processing

question

Compared with typically developing children, children with autism more often

answer

use words to echo what others say and to get things they want, not to exchange ideas.

question

Children with autism

answer

have narrow and overly intense interests

question

Growing evidence reveals that children with autism have

answer

a deficient theory of mind

question

Three-year-old J.T. understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. J.T. is demonstrating a grasp of

answer

ordinality (14-16 months)

question

Mastery of _________ increases the efficiency of children's counting.

answer

cardinality (ages 3 1/2 to 4 understand that when counting, the last number in a sequence indicates the quantity of items)

question

Research shows that children can connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter, a process called

answer

fast-mapping

question

Which statement is true about strategies for early word learning?

answer

Youngchildrentakeadvantageoftherichsocialinformationthatadultsfrequentlyprovidewhentheyintroduce new words

question

Two-year-old Aidan says, "We saw two deers." Aidan is demonstrating

answer

over regularization

question

The practical, social side of conversation language is called

answer

pragmatics.

question

Adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using _________, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

answer

a recast

question

Research on language development in early childhood shows that recasts and expansions

answer

model grammatical alternatives and encourage children to experiment with them.

question

Erikson's theory: Initiative vs Guilt

answer

Initiative: -New sense of purposefulness -Eagerness to try new tasks, join activities with peers -Play permits trying new skills and cooperation -Strides in conscience development Guilt -Overly strict superego (conscience) causes too much guilt -Related to parental threats, criticism, and punishment

question

Erikson described early childhood as

answer

a period of "vigorous unfolding"

question

For Erikson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict ________ that causes children to feel too much _________ because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults

answer

superego; guilt

question

Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson's image of _______ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives.

answer

initiative

question

Research on cultural variations in personal storytelling reveals that

answer

there are striking cultural differences in parents' selection and interpretation of events told in narratives

question

Research examining cultural variations in personal storytelling shows that

answer

Chinese parents use storytelling to guide children toward socially responsible behavior. -Chinese stories reflect Chinese discipline, social obligations, and review past misdeeds to teach proper behavior.

question

Cultural Variations in Personal Storytelling

answer

narratives shape self-concept with cultural values

question

Irish-American Stories

answer

Reflect American values of autonomy and self-esteem, while also positively casting faults, attributed to spunk and assertiveness

question

Emotional competence

answer

is vital for successful peer relationships and overall mental health.

question

Research on emotional understanding shows that preschoolers

answer

focus on the most obvious aspect of an emotional situation to the neglect of other relevant information.

question

Studies on emotional understanding indicate that 4-year-old Casey will have difficulty

answer

making sense of situations with conflicting cues about how a person is feeling.

question

Preschoolers who are securely attached to their _____________ better understand emotion than preschoolers who are insecurely attached.

answer

mothers

question

Empathy

answer

-Feeling same/similar emotions as another person - motivates prosocial, or altruistic, behavior - prompts self-focused distress for some

question

Sympathy

answer

feeling concern or sorrow for another's plight

question

An important motivator of prosocial behavior is

answer

empathy

question

Peer relations

answer

provide learning experiences: conversations, cooperation, goal setting in play

question

Two-year-old D'Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D'Arcy is likely to respond with

answer

sympathetic concern.

question

Max plays with a funnel at one end of the sand table, while Madison makes a pie at the other end. The children talk and pass tools back and forth. They are engaging in __________ play.

answer

associative

question

Candace and Christina sit side by side playing with their dolls. They do not talk or try to influence each other. They are engaging in _______ play.

answer

parallel

question

Larissa, age 3, often plays alone. Her parents should be concerned if she

answer

engages in functional play involving repetitive motor action.

question

Cognitive Play Categories

answer

Functional, constructive, and make-believe play

question

Research reveals that inductive discipline

answer

helps children notice others' feelings and points out the effects of children's misbehavior on others.

question

What statement is an example of induction?

answer

"Your sister is crying because you won't give back her truck."

question

Alternatives to harsh punishment

answer

- Time out - Withdrawal of privileges

question

Mia bit her brother, so her father would not let her watch TV. This technique, known as withdrawal of privileges,

answer

allows Mia's father to avoid harsh techniques that could easily intensify into violence.

question

Positive parenting

answer

-Use transgressions as teaching opportunities -Reduce opportunities for misbehavior -Provide reasons for rules and punishments -Encourage participation in family duties and routines -Try compromising and problem solving -Praise mature behavior

question

Martha and Thomas can increase the effectiveness of their parental discipline by

answer

offering reasons for mild punishment

question

One strategy of positive discipline is

answer

reducing opportunities for misbehavior

question

Physical Aggression

answer

(direct or indirect) property damage and physical injury

question

Verbal Aggression

answer

(direct) threats, name-calling, hostile teasing

question

Relational Aggression

answer

(direct or indirect) social exclusion, gossip, friendship manipulation, girls more than boys

question

Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression.

answer

relational

question

Marlena teases Jessica by calling her a "do-do head." This is an example of ________ aggression.

answer

verbal

question

Media Violence

answer

increases hostile thoughts, emotions, and aggressive behavior that can last into adulthood.

question

In Michaela's preschool classroom, the girls spend more time in the housekeeping and art centers, while the boys play with blocks and Legos. This is an example of

answer

gender typing

question

Research on gender typing shows

answer

By age 6, children spend 11 times as much time with same-sex as with other-sex playmates.

question

Gender Typing

answer

Biological (hormones and adaptiveness) and environmental (family, teachers, peers, society) influences

question

Gender Dysphoria

answer

dissatisfaction with natal sex, and strong identification as the other sex. - affects 1.5% of boys and 2% of girls

question

Gender Dysphoria usually persists in children who

answer

-Are severely troubled by the mismatch -Insist they are the other gender -Engage in high levels of "other-gender" behavior

question

Mark rates his personality as ambitious, competitive, affectionate, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Mark's responses indicate a(n)

answer

androgynous gender identity

question

Research on gender identity demonstrates that

answer

"masculine" and androgynous children have a higher self-esteem than those with a "feminine" identity.

question

Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender

answer

constancy

question

Research on gender constancy demonstrates that

answer

attainment of gender constancy is strongly related to the ability to pass Piagetian conservation and verbal appearance-reality tasks.

question

The ____________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach. Insist on mature behavior, give reasons for their expectations, and use "teaching moments" to promote the child's self-regulation.

answer

authoritative parents (self-control, social and moral maturity, high self-esteem)

question

Authoritarian parents

answer

rarely listen to the child's point of view. (anxiety, unhappiness, low self-esteem, anger, defiance)

question

Permissive parents

answer

are warm but overindulgent. Instead of gradually granting autonomy, permissive parents allow children to make many of their own decisions at an age when they are not yet capable of doing so. (impulsive, disobedient, poor academic achievement, overindulgent, few/no demands on kids)

question

Tanner's parents are withdrawn. They make no demands of Tanner and are indifferent to his point of view. Tanner's parents have a(n) ____________ style of child rearing.

answer

Uninvolved parents (depressed, poor emotion regulation, academic achievement difficulties, antisocial behavior) at its extreme, it's a form of child maltreatment called neglect.

question

Research on cultural variations in child-rearing styles shows that

answer

compared with Western parents, Chinese parents describe their parenting as more controlling.

question

Mothers engage in _________ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in __________ more often than mothers.

answer

neglect; sexual abuse

question

Which of the following children is the most likely to become a target of child abuse?

answer

a premature baby

question

Maltreating parents

answer

suffer from biased thinking about their child.

question

Research on child maltreatment shows that

answer

maltreating parents lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to in stressful times.

question

At school, maltreated children

answer

present serious discipline problems.

question

Priscilla was abused by her mother. She does not want to repeat the cycle with her own children. What intervention is the most likely to help Priscilla?

answer

developing a trusting relationship with another person

question

In an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding __________ dramatically increased its impact.

answer

a cognitive component

question

Body growth in middle childhood

answer

lower portion grows fastest, flexible muscles, permanent teeth, bones lengthen, regular pace

question

After age 8, girls

answer

begin accumulating fat at a faster rate than boys.

question

Causes of obesity

answer

- Heredity - Low SES - Diets rich in sugar and fatty foods - Frequently eating out - Parental feeding practices (overfeeding or overly restricting) - Family stress - Insufficient sleep (disrupts metabolism) - TV and screen media time - Low physical activity

question

Health risk for obesity

answer

- More likely to be obese adults - Physical symptoms (high bp and cholesterol, breathing problems, and insulin resistance) - Development of heart disease, circulatory problems, diabetes, gallbladder disease, sleep and digestive disorders, cancer, early death

question

Consequences of obesity

answer

- Stereotyping - Social isolation: peer teasing, low self-esteem - Poorer academic achievement - Severe anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts - Reduced life chances in relationships and employment

question

Treating obesity

answer

- Family-based interventions are most effective -Monitoring/tracking devices - School interventions: screenings, improved nutrition, additional recess and p.e., obesity awareness programs

question

Myopia

answer

(nearsightedness) Most common vision problem. Risk increase with time spent reading, writing, using computer

question

Middle ear infections, common in ________ and ________, become less frequent.

answer

infancy; early childhood

question

Illness in middle childhood

answer

- Higher rates in first two years (immune system still developing) - 20-25% kids have chronic illnesses (asthma most common)

question

The most frequent cause of school absence and childhood hospitalization is

answer

asthma.

question

The leading cause of unintentional injury to children in the united states is_______, second is_______.

answer

motor vehicle accidents; bicycle accidents

question

Unintentional Injury

answer

Boys at higher risk

question

Unintentional injury prevention:

answer

- School & community-based safety programs - Protective helmets (85% head injury reduction) - Reduce exposure to hazardous situations

question

Piaget regarded __________ as an important achievement of the concrete operational stage because it provides clear evidence of __________.

answer

conservation; operation

question

Attainments of Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

answer

Conservation, Classification, Seriation, Spatial reasoning (cognitive maps) -Concrete Operation works poorly with abstract ideas

question

Conservation: Decentration

answer

focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them

question

Conservation: Reversibility

answer

thinking through a series of steps and then mentally going back to the start

question

During a conservation-of-water experiment, Emma can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emma is capable of

answer

decentration

question

Margerite passed Piaget's class inclusions task. This indicates that Margerite can

answer

focus on relations between a general and two specific categories at the same time (classification).

question

Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension; Transitive inference To test for ________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.

answer

seriation

question

Executive Function

answer

benefits academic achievement and social competence skills - reduction of impulsive behavior, sustained attention and reflection

question

Reading

answer

- Phonological awareness, information-processing speed, and visual discrimination contribute to reading skills - Blend whole-language and phonics approaches

question

Working memory gains:

answer

- More efficient thinking - Processing time declines rapidly - Exception: poverty hinders task performance

question

Research on reading proficiency in middle childhood shows that improvements in __________ releases working memory for higher-level activities.

answer

visual scanning and discrimination

question

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory includes:

answer

- Analytical intelligence - Creative intelligence - Practical intelligence

question

Analytical intelligence

answer

- applies strategies - engage in self-regulation - acquire task-relevant and metacognitive knowledge

question

Creative Intelligence

answer

- Solve novel problems - Make processing skills automatic to free working memory for complex thinking

question

Practical Intelligence

answer

- Adapt to... - Shape... - Select... environments to meet both personal goals and the demands of daily life

question

Traditional classrooms

answer

teacher is sole authority for knowledge; rules

question

Constructivist classrooms

answer

Students construct their own knowledge; associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity

question

Convergent Thinking

answer

Generating a single, correct answer; emphasized on intelligence tests

question

Divergent Thinking

answer

Generating multiple, unusual possibilities; taps creativity

question

In his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg argues that

answer

people who are creative think more skillfully than others when faced with novelty.

question

Sternberg's triarchic theory helps explain why

answer

out-of-school practical forms of intelligence are vital for life success.

question

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is

answer

industry versus inferiority.

question

Jacob, a sixth grader, entered the middle school academic bowl. According to Erikson, by entering the competition, Jacob shows

answer

industriousness.

question

According to Erikson, a sense of _________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's feelings of competence and mastery with negative responses.

answer

inferiority

question

Self-esteem adjusts to a more realistic level in middle childhood largely as the result of

answer

feedback about self-performance compared with that of peers.

question

Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

answer

hierarchical

question

_________ parenting is associated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

answer

Indulgent

question

Children whose parents use a(n) _____________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

answer

authoritative

question

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have

answer

higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

question

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make _________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

answer

mastery-oriented; ability.

question

When Tyler receives a high test grade, he attributes it to luck, but when he gets a low test grade, he attributes it to not being smart. Tyler has developed

answer

learned helplessness.

question

Principal Allen wants to reduce prejudice at his middle school. Which of the following interventions should he use?

answer

assigning children to cooperative learning groups with peers of diverse backgrounds.

question

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that

answer

withinpeergroups,childrenlearncooperation,leadership,followership,andloyaltytocollectivegoals.

question

5 categories of peer acceptance

answer

- popular - rejected - controversial - neglected - average

question

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

answer

popular; neglected

question

On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child.

answer

controversial

question

__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and delinquency.

answer

Rejected

question

Long-term consequences of divorce

answer

- Improved adjustment after two years - Declines in academic achievement, self-esteem, social competence - Emotional and behavioral problems - Future problems with intimate relationships

question

Characteristics of victims

answer

- most are girls - most cases reported in middle childhood

question

Characteristics of abusers

answer

- usually male; parent or close friends

Human Development Exam 3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards