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According to the discussion of template matching in visual recognition

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template models work well for pattern recognition in some computers, but not for most complex object recognition tasks in humans. 38

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The o sound in the word dog influences the position of your mouth when you pronounce the remainder of the word. This phenomenon is called

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coarticulation 57

question

Research on context and speech perception has demonstrated that

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people often do not notice a missing sound that occurs within the context of a sentence. 58

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Suppose that you are listening to a lecture, and another student's chair squeaks loudly during the middle of a word, so that the middle of that word cannot be heard. Nonetheless, you do not detect any interruption in the word. This example is closest to which of the following cognitive phenomena?

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phonemic restoration 57-58

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Right now, the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye. This representation on your retina is called

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the proximal stimulus. 34

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A person with prosopagnosia would be likely to

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have trouble recognizing faces. 52

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According to the discussion of phoneme perception,

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this task is challenging because of the variability in speakers' pronunciation of phonemes. 56-57

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The research on speech perception demonstrates that

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people use visual cues from the speaker's mouth in order to perceive an ambiguous sound. 59

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According to the introductory discussion about perceptual processes,

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perception requires both information from the stimulus and knowledge about previous perceptual experiences. 33

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Which of the following students provides the best summary about phoneme pronunciation, discussed in the section on speech perception?

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George: "Humans manage to perceive the phoneme intended by the speaker, even though phoneme pronunciation is quite variable." 57

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Coarticulation is the tendency

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for phoneme pronunciation to vary slightly, depending on the surrounding phonemes. 57

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o the gestalt psychology approach to visual perception,

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we tend to see well-organized patterns, rather than random-looking stimuli. 36

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The boundaries between words in spoken language

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are often missing, so that two words are not separated by an actual pause. 56

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You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not. This phenomenon is called the

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word superiority effect. 46

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word superiority effect.

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analyzing the arrangement of simple 3-dimensional shapes that form the object. 41-42

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Suppose that you are looking at an advertisement that features a large figure. At first, you think you are looking at a star. However, when you look closer, you realize that some of the star's edges are not actually shown on the paper, yet they seem to be physically present. This illusion is called

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a subjective contour. 37

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When a study has high ecological validity,

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the setting for the study is similar to a setting found in the real world. 53

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Bottom-up processing

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focuses on the contribution of the stimulus to object recognition. 44

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The theorists who favor a general mechanism approach propose that speech perception can be explained by

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the same kind of learning mechanisms that humans use in acquiring other cognitive skills. 60-61

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Which of the following is the best example of a geon?

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a 3-dimensional cylinder 41-42

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According to Anne Treisman's feature-integration theory,

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distributed attention uses parallel search through the visual field. 82-83

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Imagine that you need to meet someone at the airport. You would notice him more quickly if he had told you "Look for the only person wearing a hat" than if he told you, "Look for the only person not wearing a hat." This situation is most similar to

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the feature-present/feature-absent effect. 73-74

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Which of the following students provides the most accurate summary of the neuroscience research on attention?

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Lucy: "Attention requires the activity of the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe, as well as structures located below the cortex." 78-80

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Which of the following students provides the most complete and accurate definition for the term "attention"?

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Igor: "Attention lets us take in information from our memory and our sensory world." 67

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The bottleneck theory is inadequate in accounting for attention because

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it underestimates how flexible our attention can be. 81

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The phrase "ironic effects of mental control" means that

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when we try to avoid a particular thought, it may be even more likely to enter consciousness. 86-87

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Research by Anne Treisman has demonstrated that

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when people use focused attention, they typically perceive a figure whose shape is linked with its appropriate color. 83

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According to the research by Wikman and her colleagues (1998) on attention and driving,

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novice drivers glance away from the road more often than the experienced drivers, and novices also drive less safely. 69

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What is the current status of the bottleneck theory of attention?

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ot flexible enough to explain human attention. 81

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Suppose that you are running to catch a subway. You race past an ad that shows various foods in uncharacteristic colors, such as an orange strawberry and a red carrot. However, you actually perceive a red strawberry and an orange carrot. Anne Treisman's theory would call this phenomenon

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an illusory conjunction. 83

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Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the research about using a cell phone and paying attention while driving?

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María Luisa: "If the traffic is heavy, talking on a hands-free cell phone can distract your attention." 68-69

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Research on divided-attention tasks shows that when people divide their attention between two stimuli,

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they can perform some divided-attention tasks accurately, but they will make errors on other divided-attention tasks. 68

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Suppose that your friend George wants to buy a hands-free cell phone to use when driving across the country. Based on the information about attention and driving, you should tell George that, according to the current research, hands-free cell phones

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are especially likely to influence attention when the traffic is heavy. 68

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According to research on the Stroop effect that has been conducted by clinical psychologists,

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individuals who have a phobia have trouble reporting the color of words related to their phobia. 71-72

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On a selective-attention task,

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people notice little about the message that they are supposed to ignore. 69

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Your verbal reports about your cognitive processes are most likely to be accurate for which of the following tasks?

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guessing which items from a list of psychology terms you would be most likely to define correctly on an examination 86

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Imagine that you have been on a strict diet for several weeks. No matter how hard you try, you can't avoid thinking about chocolate chip cookies and lemon meringue pie. You are having difficulty with

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thought suppression. 86-87

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Suppose that you are sitting in a restaurant, trying to focus on a comment from a student on your left, while a student on your right is talking to a friend. This situation resembles the laboratory setup known as

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dichotic listening. 69

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Suppose that you are sitting in a classroom, trying to follow your professor's lecture and trying to ignore a conversation out in the hallway. This situation most closely resembles:

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a selective-attention task. 69

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A man is being tested in a cognitive psychology laboratory. If he has blindsight, he will

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say he cannot see an object, even though he points in the correct direction. 88-89

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