Flashcards on Human Development Test

Average growth rates of 6.4 cm and 2.2-3.2kg per year

Brain & head grow faster than height/weight Myelination: speeds transmission of neural impulses Patterns of brain growth change From 3-6 years, most rapid growth in frontal lobes From 6-puberty, most growth in temporal & parietal lobes

37-48 months Throws ball underhand 49-60 months Bounces and catches ball 61-72 months Throws ball (13.4m boy: 7.6m girl)

37-48months cuts paper 49-60 months cuts following line 61-72 months cuts interior piece from paper

Preschool children require approximately 1,700 calories per day Basal metabolic rate (BMR): minimum amount of energy a person uses in a resting state

Childhood obesity Psychological correlates of childhood obesity Predictor of future health care issues Prevention of obesity Food satisfies hunger Physical activity

Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death among children between 1-11. Parental smoking Poor health status - asthma, obesity, etc. Aboriginal children - obesity, tuberculosis, etc. Poverty & wellness

Link between poverty & wellness Pneumonia, dehydration from diarrhea, preventable injuries HIV/AIDS

Represent world with words, images, & drawings (age 2-7); egocentrism & magical beliefs; reasoning; no operational thinking

Symbolic function substage (2-4): Can represent an object that isn't present

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

the belief that all things are living

Represent world with words, images, & drawings (age 2-7); egocentrism & magical beliefs; reasoning; no operational thinking Symbolic function substage (2-4): Can represent an object that isn't present Egocentrism Animism Intuitive thought substage (4-7): primitive reasoning and inquiry Centration Lack of conservation

the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Zone of proximal development: emphasis on importance of social influences Scaffolding Language & thought Private speech Social constructivist approach Criticisms of Vygotsky's theory Teaching strategies

Piaget would have called this "egocentric speech" that did not take others views into account and only went away when social experiences such as disagreements with peers forced them to see viewpoints of others and then egocentric speech declines. Vygotsky saw private speech as foundation of all higher cognitive processes including attention, memorization, recal, categorization, planning, and problem solving. Children speak to themselves for self-guidance. As they get older speech is internalized as inner speech-inner verbal dialouges we carry out while thinking and acting in everyday situations. Research supports Vygotsky over Piaget so now self-directed speech is known as private speech instead of egocentric speech. Private speech is most common in appropriatly difficult taks and helps with attention.

Attention Executive attention Sustained attention Deficient in control of attention Salient vs relevant information Planfulness

Children begin to understand perceptions, desires, & emotions

pertaining to morphology, the linguistic study of the formation of words

sentence structure

Education involves the whole child & includes concern for the child's physical, cognitive, & social development Varied kindergarten experiences across Canada

An educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities and are allowed to move from one activity to another as they desire.

based on knowledge of the typical development of children within an age span (age appropriateness) & uniqueness of the child (individual appropriateness

abstract paper-and-pencil activities.

Phonological awareness, letter name & sound knowledge are important Early literacy programs Numeracy

Children with foreign-born parents lagged behind Low income is a risk factor Solutions Aboriginal Head Start