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1. Share information 2. Teach us something new or 3. Help us understand an idea

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The best informative speakers...

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1. Knows how to *analyze his audience* and *tailor his presentations to engage them quickly* 2. *Organizes his information clearly and efficiently* so that listeners can learn it with ease 3. Presents information in an *honest and ethical manner*

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Neil deGrasse Tyson has a talent for informative presentations, he...

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Increase the audience's *understanding or knowledge* The objective is for your audience to learn something

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*Purpose* of informative speaking:

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Make your presentation *fill your listeners' informational needs* and do s with respect for their *opinions, backgrounds, and experiences*

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To be a truly effective informative speaker, you need to...

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Objective Focusing on informing (not persuading) and Ethical

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In an informative speech, you want to be...

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They have made the effort to *understand the needs of their audience members*

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Effective speakers engage their listeners because...

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Delivering a long list of facts that are already common knowledge because the object is for your audience to learn something new

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In informative speaking, you want to avoid...

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Choosing an *appropriate topic* and Making that topic *relevant to your listeners*

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Understanding your listeners' needs also involves...

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1. *Gauge what the audience already knows* 2. *Decide on an appropriate approach to the topic* 3. *Make the topic relevant to each member of the audience*

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3 steps to meet the audience's informational needs:

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1. Where to begin 2. How much information to share and 3. At what level of difficulty the audience can understand and still maintain interest

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Gauging what the audience already knows/estimating the knowledge level of the audience helps determine...

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The impression that you have fine-tuned the speech for a particular group of people

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Deciding on an appropriate approach to the topic/involving your listeners through the appropriate use of language and presentation aids gives them...

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Visual images Models Artifacts Fingerprints or Footprints Expert testimony

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In deciding on a appropriate approach to the topic, be sure to consider the different types of sources at your disposal:

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Captivate your audience and help them remember the new information you are teaching them

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These sorts of different types of sources will...

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specifically connect the subject to the audience by pointing out *how it is pertinent and useful to your listeners' lives*

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To make the topic relevant to each member of the audience, always...

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Persuasive speaking

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Informative speaking serves as the base for...

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*inform*; *persuading*

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In many cases, speakers ____ audiences in hopes of ____ them to behave in a certain way.

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*inform* their audience about certain facts and information

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Before a persuasive speaker can attempt to influence the audience, they must first...

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An *informative* speech is intended to be *objective* It presents *facts and information* in a straightforward and evenhanded way *free of influence from the speaker's personal thoughts or opinions*

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How does an informative speech differ from a persuasive speech?

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A *persuasive* speech is expected to be *subjective* It presents *facts and information* from a *particular point of view*

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How does a persuasive speech differ from an informative speech?

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From a perspective of *inquiry or discovery* Speaker researches a topic to find out what information exists and shares that information with an audience

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Informative, *Approach*:

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From a perspective of *advocating a position or desired outcome* Speaker researches a topic to find info that supports a particular point of view *and then tries to convince an audience to change an attitude or take some action based on that point of view

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Persuasive, *Approach*:

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Speaker *reports info objectively*, in the *role of a messenger*

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Informative, *Objectivity*:

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Speaker *argues a case subjectively* and speaks from a *particular point of view*

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Persuasive, *Objectivity*:

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Speaker sets out the *current facts or state of affairs* concerning the topic

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Informative, *Use of facts and info*:

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Speaker *builds a case* that he/she is passionate about and includes info that *supports his/her favored position*

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Persuasive, *Use of facts and info*:

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Speaker *may provide others' opinions* but refrains from giving their own

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Informative, *Expression of opinions*:

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Speaker *provides others' opinions that support his/her own position or viewpoint* Speaker may mention differing opinions only to rebut or discredit them

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Persuasive, *Expression of opinions*:

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*objective*

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When delivering an informative speech, you must always remain...

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Expressing an opinion or Choosing only facts, info, or other material that supports your personal view

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You are delivering a *persuasive* speech if you find yourself...

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The *implications of our actions*

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Besides objectivity, what is the other ethical consideration you must bear in mind when delivering an informative speech?

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Because *communication is a powerful instrument* for influencing people's *attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors*

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Why must we consider the implications of our actions when delivering an informative speech?

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information that is *relevant and reliable* in a way hat is respectful to both the *audience and the subject*

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An ethical speaker has a responsibility to provide an audience with...

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They types of supporting material you offer (or do not offer) and Your motives for speaking on a particular subject

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What reveals quite a bit about you as an ethical speaker?

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Orally citing sources and Providing a complete list of references at the end of a speech outline

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Ethical speakers must also avoid *plagiarism* by...

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*misinforms*

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If your speech ____ your audience in any way, you are *not* offering an appropriate or ethical informative speech.

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You can speak about something very concrete: such as a Person Place Thing Process Event In many cases, your topic will fit into more than one category

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Topics for informative speeches:

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Most people fascinated by other people Life of another person makes for interesting informative speech topic Topic can lean toward someone who is famous or infamous Audiences are usually receptive to learning about someone famous Obscure but interesting person can also be a great topic

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Topic on *people*:

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Focus on the person's *human qualities* as well as their *achievements* to show not merely what the person did but why and how they did it Give audience real sense of who the person is

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Key to giving successful speech about another person:

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Include: Anecdotes Quotes and Stories that show the motivations behind his/her actions

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To meet goals of giving a speech about another person, your speech should...

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Might focus on *inspired description* of a real but perhaps unfamiliar place, or even a fictional one Very familiar place can offer opportunities to provide audiences with some new info Ex: can investigate oldest building on campus/in town and detail some of its history This will allow you to describe the place and alto to talk about the people who designed and built it and how the building has been changed over the years

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Topic on *places*:

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Anything that *isn't human* Such as: *Living things* (animals, plants, entire ecosystems) *Inanimate objects* (first car, iPad, Mona Lisa) *Imaginary things* (light sabers) *Hypothetical* (a perpetual motion machine) *Entire phenomena* (El Niño wind patterns in western US)

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Topic on *objects and phenomena*:

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Noteworthy occurrences (past and present) Our understanding of history is shaped by events At a more intimate level, events of personal significance can also make interesting and compelling topics Can build around important, tragic, funny, or instructive even in your personal life - day you went skydiving, your bar mitzvah, death of a close friend, or birth of first child Can also explore social significance of *collections* of events Ex: might talk about significance of dances for Native American tribes, of high school football games in a small town, or role of weddings and funerals is his/her family

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Topic on *events*:

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A series of actions, changes, or functions that bring about a particular result Help an audience understand the *stages or steps* through which a particular *outcome is produced*; such speeches usually fall in 1 of 2 categories 1. Speeches that explain *how something works or develops* Ex: how hybrid car works, how human brain's nervous system processes sound, or how lightning forms 2. *Teaches how to do something* Ex: how to knit, use MP3 player Often helpful to incorporate visuals, props, or hands-on demonstrations into presentation

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Topic on *processes*:

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Abstract, complex ideas, or even theories Art, patriotism, artificial intelligence, or free speech, which are more difficult for us to understand Take a general idea, theory, or thought and make it *concrete and meaningful for your audience* Many focus on explanation of a concept Ex: idea of ethnocentrism (belief that one's cultural ways are superior to those of other cultures) Could then make reference to important historical events that were influences by ethnocentrism: Holocaust, ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, or responses to the 9/11 terrorist attacks

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Topic on *concepts*:

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Problem or matter of dispute that people hope to resolve Informative speeches about issues provide and *overview or a report of problems* in order to *increase understanding and awareness* Issues include: *social and personal problems* (such as: racial profiling, health care, or unemployment) as well as: *ideas, activities, and circumstances* over which opinions vary widely (such as: birth control or affirmative action)

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Topic on *issues*:

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Controversial nature of many issues makes it challenging because can be difficult to keep own opinions from influencing speech Focus on delivering a speech that is truly one of *discovery, inquiry, and objectivity* Ex: stem cell research break down info into groups of basic facts; what current laws are, where stem cells come from, how research is done, and why such research is being conducted Also could address controversy over the issue by presenting *differing opinions from both inside and outside the scientific community*

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Challenge of topic on *issues*:

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Speaker tries to help audience understand the *important dimensions of potential courses of action* Ex: raising fare on commuter trains in your city or eliminating work-study scholarships at your college These speeches *do not argue for a particular plan or policy*; simply *lay out the facts* Can easily evolve into persuasive addresses, so must be careful to focus on *objective facts*

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Topic on *plans and policies*:

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*Description* *Demonstration* *Definition* *Explanation*

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4 major approaches to informative speeches:

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Verbally expressing tings you have *experiences with your senses*

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Approach, *Description*:

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Paint a mental picture for audience that portrays *places, events, persons, objects, or processes* clearly and vividly

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Primary task of a *descriptive presentation* is to...

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Begins with: *well-structures idea* of what you want to describe and why Moving through development process: you *emphasize important details and eliminate unimportant ones* and while considering ways to make your details more vivid for the audience

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Effective *descriptive speech:

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Topic is *personally connected to the speaker*

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Descriptive speeches most effective when...

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Often the best way to explain how something works is to demonstrate it *Demonstration speeches* answer "how" questions - how to use a smart phone, how to bake a pie crust, how to salsa dance - *by showing an audience the way something works*

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Approach, *Demonstration*:

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Begin with: *clear statement of purpose and to follow a very straightforward organizational pattern* *Chronological* pattern usually works best for a demonstration, with process broken down into a number of steps that are presented in order of completion Can be helpful to introduce *completed end product first*, before going through the process of creating or finishing it from step one

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Effective *demonstration speech*:

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Speaker usually must *define a terror an idea at some point* When you define something, you *identify its essential qualities and meaning*

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Approach, *Definition*:

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To provide answers to "what" questions Such questions as "What is torture?" and "What is marriage?" have prompted heated debate in the halls of Congress and elsewhere in recent years, making it clear that defining terms is neither simple nor unimportant

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Main goal of *definitional speeches*:

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Might incorporate one or even all of these approaches: 1. *Operational definition* 2. *Definition by negation* 3. *Definition by example* 4. *Definition by synonym* 5. *Definition by etymology*

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Approaches to a definitional speech:

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Defines something by explaining *what it is* or *what it does* Ex: Salsa (what it is); condiment, list things made of, common in Spanish and Latin American cuisine Ex: Salsa (what it does); most commonly used as dipping sauces for fried tortilla chips, but also work well alongside grilled fist

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Approaches to a definitional speech, *Operational definition*:

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Defines something by telling *what it is not* Ex: Salsa is not the same as taco or piquante sauce

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Approaches to a definitional speech, *Definition by negation*:

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Defines something by offering *concrete example of what it is* Ex: Salsa includes basic tomato version you get at Mexican restaurant, as well as variants made from mangoes, pineapples, or tomatillos

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Approaches to a definitional speech, *Definition by example*:

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Defines something by using words that mean almost the same thing Ex: Salsa basically just a chunky sauce, similar to chutney in Indian cuisine

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Approaches to a definitional speech, *Definition by synonym*:

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Defines something by using *origin of a word or phrase* Ex: Salsa is Spanish and Italian word for sauce, derived from Latin word for "salty"

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Approaches to a definitional speech, *Definition by etymology*:

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Answer the question "why" or "what does that mean* Provides reasons or causes and demonstrating relationships Must use *interpretation and analysis*

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Approach, *Explanation*:

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Clarifying concepts Explaining the big picture Challenging intuition

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3 main goals to keep in mind in explanatory speech:

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Speaker should provide *elucidating explanations* if an audience's chief difficulty rests with *understanding the meaning and use of a certain term* *Elucidating explanation*: details that *illuminate the concept's meaning and use*

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Goal of explanatory speech, *Clarifying concepts*:

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1. *Define a concept by listing each of its critical features* 2. *Contrast examples of the concept* 3. *Present opportunities for audiences to distinguish between contrasting examples by looking for a concept's critical features*

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Goal of explanatory speech, Clarifying concepts, Good *elucidating explanations do 3 things*:

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Ex: Speaker provides succinct illustrations for concept of rhetoric

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*Define a concept by listing each of its critical features*:

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Speaker might suggest that the difference between gun control and partial gun control is as distinct as night and day

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*Contrast examples of the concept*

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Demonstrating that the most important features of a golf swing are keeping the left arm straight and keeping the head still

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*Present opportunities for audiences to distinguish between contrasting examples by looking for a concept's critical features*

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Speakers should use a *quasi-scientific explanation* if an idea is difficult chiefly because its *complexity makes its main points - the big picture - hard to grasp* *Quasi-scientific explanations*: model or picture the *key dimensions of some phenomenon for a typical audience* Speakers presenting *complex topics to laypeople* - how microchips work, similarities and differences between levees and dams, or how DNA molecules pass along genetic info - should try to use quasi-scientific examplanations

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Goal of explanatory speech, *Explaining the big picture*:

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The main points with such features as *titles, organizing analogies, presentation aids, and signposts* ("the first key point is...") also Connect key points by using transitional phrases* (such as "for example") *connectives* ("because"), and *diagrams* depicting relationships among parts

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Effective *quasi-scientific explanations* highlight:

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Sometimes and idea's chief difficulty is that *it runs contrary to what intuition tells us* Ex: polio vaccine, tested in 1952 and used inactive polio virus; using something that makes people sick to prevent people from getting sick is counterintuitive; difficult to explain to patients and parents at the time If giving speech on how vaccines work , might want to design your talk around *transformative explanations*

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Goal of explanatory speech, *Challenging intuition*:

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Help people understand counterintuitive ideas, are designed to help speakers transform "theories" about phenomena into more accepted notions Might want to describe how, by exposing body to a similar but benign virus, a vaccine essentially teaches the body to defend itself against a specific disease

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*Transformative explanations*:

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interested in you topic

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First goal as a speaker is to get your audience...

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easy to listen to

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Also want to make sure that your speech is...

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Create info hunger Make it easy

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*Guidelines for informative speeches*:

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Want to make audience hungry for info you are going to present Get them excited about, or at least interested in, your topic

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Guidelines, *Create information hunger*:

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*Arousing curiosity* and *Working your topic*

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Several strategies help you create information hunger, including...

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Offer some sort of connection between subject and daily lives of the audience Pique people's interest: asking them first to *think about their own experience* Then, *Draw them into your subject* Comparisons and personalization of the subject can help keep the audience interested

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Create info hunger, *Arouse people's curiosity*:

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Speaker must find *relevance of subject and establish it for the audience quickly and assertively* If topic seems disconnected from audience, and you can't change your topic, *it's your job to find the relevance* Ex: Can you save the audience money or time? Can you help people do something better or improve quality? Even if the benefit is not for the short term, will listening to your speech help them in some way in the future, once they become parents or graduate students or homeowners? Need to present a *clear benefit that people can derive from listening to you* to get and keep their attention

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Create info hunger, *Work your topic*:

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Job as a speaker is to *find and distill a lot of info* in a way that is *easy* for your audience to *listen to, absorb, and learn* Need to do your listeners' work for them

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Guidelines, *Make it easy*:

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Choose a clear organization and structure Emphasize important points Don't overwhelm your audience Build on prior knowledge Define your terms Use interesting and appropriate supporting material Use appropriate presentation aids

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Objectives to bear in mind as you prepare your speech to *make it easy*:

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People need to organize new info presented to them in a way that makes sense to them so, Organize your speech around a clear and logical structure This can include: chronological, topical, and spatial organizations; problem-solution, cause-effect, and narrative patterns; and arrangements based on motivated sequences

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Make it easy, *Choose a clear organization and structure*:

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*Clarify what the important parts are* Use a preview device and a concluding summary *Preview device*: tells the audience *what you are going to cover* (first, will discuss X, second Y, and third Z) *Concluding summary*: reviews *what the audience heard during the speech* (today, I talked about X, then showed you Y, and finally discussed Z) Make sure not to contradict yourself Ex: don't say you have one key point to make and then list four points of equal importance

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Make it easy, *Emphasize important points*:

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Too many points can make a speech seem pointless An overabundance of facts and statistics can make it difficult to follow and impossible to retain Keep presentation as simple as possible so audience will find it easy to follow Make certain each fact, point, and example makes a real contribution Eliminate anything redundant or tangential

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Make it easy, *Don't overwhelm your audience*:

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*Introduce new concepts by relating them to familiar ideas* People are more open to new ideas when they understand how they relate to things they already know about

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Make it easy, *Build on prior knowledge*:

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Choose terms that your audience will *know and understand* and *provide clear definitions for any words they might not* If audience may be familiar with a word but want to be sure, you can allude to a more common synonym Ex: "People tend to think of rhinoplasties - commonly referred to as "nose jobs" - ..." Definitions often necessary for *proper nouns* as well Audience may not have strong background in *geography, politics, or world events* so, helpful to identify organizations and individuals in the same way that you would define a term

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Make it easy, *Define your terms*:

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Use examples that are *interesting, exciting, and clear* and use them to reinforce your main ideas Examples *support your key points* and also *provide interesting ways for your audience to visualize what you are talking about* Choose examples that your audience will understand

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Make it easy, *Use interesting and appropriate supporting material*:

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Presentations aids can add value to your speech by helping audiences follow and understand the information you present

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Make it easy, *Use appropriate presentation aids*:

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Use informative speaking to *teach the audience something new* *Gauge what the audience already knows* to determine *where to begin* Find an *approach* that will *engage the audience* Explain the *subject's relevance to the audience* Present facts and info in an *objective* way, unlike in a persuasive speech which is *subjective* presenting a point of view *Speak ethically*

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Review, *Describe goals of informative speaking*:

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*People*: focus on *human qualities* as well as *achievements *Places*: find *new aspects of known places*, or *describe the unfamiliar* *Objects and phenomena*: focus on any *nonhuman topic* *Events*: describe *noteworthy events in history*, or *relate a personal experience* *Processes*: show *how something works*, or *teach how to do something* *Concepts*: explain and *abstract idea* *Issues*: remain objective to report on a *social or personal problem* *Plans and policies*: describe the important dimensions of *potential courses of action*

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Review, *List and describe each of the 8 categories of informative speeches*:

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*Descriptive presentation*: paints a *mental picture*, portraying *places, events, persons, objects, or processes* *Demonstration speeches*: combine *explanatory narration* and *physical demonstration* *Definitional speeches*: 5 categories (operational definition, definition by negation, definition by example, definition by synonym, definition by etymology) 1. *Operational definition*: defines something by explaining *what it is* or *what it does* 2. *Definition by negation*: defines something by telling *what it is not* 3. *Definition by example*: offers *concrete examples* 4. *Definition by synonym*: defines something with *closely related words* 5. *Definition by etymology*: explains the *origin of a word or phrase* *Explanatory speeches*: answer the question *why?* with: *Elucidating explanations*, *Quasi-scientific explanations*, or with *Transformative explanations* that change preconceptions

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Review, *Outline 4 major approaches to informative speeches*:

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Make listeners curious by *personalizing the topic* and *contrasting it with what they know* Present a *clear benefit* to learning about the topic and *stress the topic's relevance*

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Review, *Employ strategies to make your audience hungry for information*:

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Devise a *clear, logical structure* *Signal your audience* when you're about to *say something important* *Keep it simple* Relate *new ideas to familiar ideas* *Define terms* your audience may not know Select *interesting examples* Use *strong presentation aids*

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Review, *Structure your speech to make it easy to listen to*:

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