Speech Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Communication
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The process by which people use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning
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Relational needs
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The essential elements people seek in their relationships with others
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Instrumental needs
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Practical, everyday needs
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Model
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A formal description of a process
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Action model
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A model describing communication as a one-way process
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Source
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The originator of a thought or an idea
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Encode
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To put an idea into language or gesture
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Message
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Verbal and Nonverbal elements of communication to which people give meaning
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Channel
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A pathway through which message are conveyed
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Receiver
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The party who interprets a message
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Decode
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To interpret or give meaning to a message
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Noise
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Anything that interferes with the encoding or decoding of a message
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Interaction model
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A model describing communication as a process shaped by feedback and context
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Feedback
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Verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
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Context
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The physical or psychological environment in which communication occurs
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Transaction model
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A model describing communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver
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Channel-rich contexts
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Communication environments involving many channels at once
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Channel-lean contexts
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Communication environments involving few channels at once
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Symbol
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A representation of an idea
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Content dimension
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Literal information that is communicated by a message
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Relational dimension
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Signals about the relationship in which a message is being communicated
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Metacommunication
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Communication about communication
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Explicit rules
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Rules that have been clearly articulated
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Implicit rules
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Rules that have not been clearly articulated but are nonetheless understood
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Intrapersonal communication
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Communication with oneself
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Interpersonal communication
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Communication that occurs between two people in the context of their relationship
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Small group communication
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Communication occurring within small groups of three or more people
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Public communication
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Communication directed at an audience that is larger than a small group
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Mass communication
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Communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media
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Communication competence
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Communication that is effective and appropriate for a given situation
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Self-monitoring
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Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others
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Empathy
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The ability to think and feel as others do
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Cognitive complexity
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The ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways
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Ethics
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Principles that guide judgments about whether something is morally right or wrong
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Perception
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The process of making from environmental experiences
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Selection
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The process of paying attention to a certain stimulus
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Organization
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The process of categorizing information that has been selected for attention
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Perceptual schema
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A mental frame work for organizing information
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Interpretation
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The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized
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Stereotype
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A generalization about a group or category of people that is applied to individual members of that group
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Primacy effect
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The tendency to emphasize the first impression over later impressions when forming a perception
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Recency effect
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The tendency to emphasize the most recent impression over earlier impressions when forming a perception
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Perceptual set
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A person's predisposition to perceive only what he or she wants or expects to perceive
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Attribution
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An explanation for an observed behavior
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Self-serving bias
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The tendency to attribute one's successes to stable internal causes and one's failures to unstable external causes
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Fundamental attribution error
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The tendency to attribute other's behaviors to internal rather than external causes
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Self-concept
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The set of perceptions a person has about who he or she is; also known as IDENTITY
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Identity
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The set of perceptions a person has about who he or she is; also known as SELF-CONCEPT
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Johari window
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A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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An expectation that gives rises to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true
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Self-esteem
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One's subjective evaluation of one's values and worth as a person
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Image
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The way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others
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Image management
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the process of projecting one's desired public image
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Life story
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A way of presenting oneself to others that is based on one's self-concept but is also influenced by other people
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Face
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A person's desired public image
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Facework
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The behaviors people use to establish and maintain their desired public image with others
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Face needs
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Important components of one's desired public image
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Fellowship face
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The need to be liked and accepted by others
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Autonomy face
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The need to avoid being imposed upon by others
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Competence face
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The need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent
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Face-threatening act
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Any behavior that threatens one or more face needs
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Audience analysis
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Carefully considering the characteristics of one's listeners when preparing a speech
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General search engine
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A website on which one can search for other websites containing information on a specified topic
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Research search engine
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A website on which one can search for research published in books, academic journals, and over periodicals
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Database
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An electronic storehouse specific information that people can search
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Survey
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A method of collecting data by asking people directly about their experiences
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Interview
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A structured conversation in which one person poses questions to which another person responds
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Questionnaire
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A written instrument containing questions for people to answer
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Purpose statement
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A declaration of the specific goal for a speech
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Thesis statement
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A one-sentence version of the message in a speech
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Main point
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A statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic
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Topic pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech to represent different categories
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Time pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech in chronological order
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Space pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech according to areas
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Cause-and-effect pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes of an event and then identify its consequences
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Problem-solution pattern
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A pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe a problem and then offer solutions for it
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Transition
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A statement that connects one point in a speech to the next
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Preview
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A statement alerting listeners that a speaker is about to shift to a new topic
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Summary
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A statement that briefly reminds listeners of points a speaker has already made
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Signposts
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Single words and phrases that distinguish one point in a presentation from another and help listeners follow the speaker's "path"
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Rule of subordination
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A rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others
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Rule of division
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A rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into sub points, it must have at least two subpoints
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Rule of parallel wording
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A rule of speech organization specifying that all points and sub points in an outline should have the same grammatical structure
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Formal outline
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A structured set of all the points and subpoints in a speech
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Bibliography
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A list of the sources used in preparing a speech
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Speaking notes
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An abbreviated version of a formal speech outline
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Plagiarism
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Knowingly using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source
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Verbal footnote
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A statement giving credit for the words to their original source
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Impromptu speech
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A speech delivered with little or no preparation
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Extemporaneous speech
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A speech that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously
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Scripted speech
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A speech composed word for word on manuscript and then read exactly as it is written
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Memorized speech
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A speech composed word for word and then delivered from memory
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Stage fright
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Anxiety or fear brought on by performing in front of an audience
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Stress
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The body's reaction to any type of perceived threat
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Anxiety
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A psychological state of worry and unease
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Anticipatory anxiety
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The worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech
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Fight-or-flight response
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A reaction that helps prepare the body either to confront or to avoid a stressor
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Visualization
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Developing a mental image, such as an image of oneself giving a successful performance
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Desensitization
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The process of confronting frightening situations directly, to reduce the stress they cause
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Avatars
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Graphic representations of people
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Articulation
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The extent to which a speaker pronounces words clearly
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Fluency
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The smoothness of a speaker's delivery
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Stuttering
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A speech disorder that disrupts the flow of words with repeated or prolonged sounds and involuntary pauses
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Presentation aids
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Anything used in conjunction with a speech or presentation to stimulate listeners' senses
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Text slide
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An electronic display of text used to accompany a speech
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Graphic slide
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An electronic display of information in a visually compelling format
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Table
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The display of words or numbers in a format of columns and rows
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Chart
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A graphic display of numeric information
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Pie chart
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A graphic display of numbers in the form of a circle that is divided into segments, each of which represents a percentage of the whole
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Line chart
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A graphic display of numbers in the form of a line or lines that connect various data points
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Bar chart
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A graphic display of numbers as bars on a graph
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Model
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A representation of an object
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Informative speaking
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Publicly addressing others to increase their knowledge, understanding, or skills
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Defining
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Providing the meaning of a word or concept
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Etymology
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The origin or history of a word
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Synonyms
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Words that have the same meaning
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Antonyms
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Words that have opposite meanings
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Describing
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Using words to depict or portray a person, a place, an object, or an experience
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Representation
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Describing something in terms of its physical or psychological attributes
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Narration
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Describing a series of events in sequences
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Explaining
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Revealing why something occurred or how something works
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Objective
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Based on facts rather than opinions
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Subjective
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Biased toward a specific conclusion
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Demonstrating
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Showing how to do something by doing it as it is explained
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Vested interest
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An inherent motivation to pay attention
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Information hunger
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The desire to learn
