Public Speaking Beebe terms – Flashcards
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Public Speaking
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the process of presenting a message to an audience
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Empowerment
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having resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal
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Critical Thinking
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analyzing information to judge its accuracy and relevance
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Source
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the public speaker
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Encode
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to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols
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Code
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a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image
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Message
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the content of a speech and the mode of its delivery
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Decode
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to translate verbal or non verbal symbols into ideas and images
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Channels
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the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver
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Receiver
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a listener or an audience memeber
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External noise
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physical noise that interferes with communication
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Internal noise
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Physiological or psychological interference with communication
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Feedback
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verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker
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context
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the environment or situation in which a speech occurs
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Rhetoric
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The use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
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Declamation
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the delivery of an already famous speech
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Elocution
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the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gesture, facial expression, and voice.
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Speech topic
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the key focus of the content of a speech
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general purpose
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the overarching goal (broad reason) of a speech - to inform, persuade, or entertain
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specific purpose
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a concise statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your listeners to remember, feel, or do when you finish speaking
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central idea
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a one sentence summary of the speech content
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main ideas
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the key points of a speech
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invention
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the development or discovery of ideas and insights
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disposition
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the organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations
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demgraphics
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statistical information about age, race, gener, etc.
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open-ended questions
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allow for unrestircted answers
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closed ended questions
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offer alternatives from which to choose (true false, multiple choice etc)
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audience analysis
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process of examining information about those who are expeceted to listen to speech
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common ground
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similarties between speaker and audience memebers in attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors
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relationship
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ongoing connection you have with another person
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audience adaptation
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process of ethically using information about audience in order to adapt ones message so its clear
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demographic audience analysis
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looking at demographic info and develop message accordingly
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gender
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culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of male or female
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sex
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biological status based on anatomy
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culture
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learned system of knowledge, behavior, beliefs, values shared by group of people
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ethnicity
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persons cultural background that includes nationality, relgion, language, heritage
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race
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biological heritage
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ethnocentrism
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assumption that ones own cultural perspectives are superior to those of other cultures
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socioeconomic status
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a persons perceived importance and influence based on income, occuption, and education level
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target audience
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specific segment of an audience that you most want to influence
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psychological audience analysis
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examining the attitudes, beliefs, values, etc. of an audience to develop a speech accordingly
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attitude
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likes or dislikes
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beliefe
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perception of true and false
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value
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enduring concept of good and bad right and wrong
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situational audience analysis
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examining the time and place of a speech, audience size, and occasion
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Brainstorming
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a creative problem-solving technique used to generate many ideas
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specific purpose
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statement of what listeners should be able to do by the end of the speech
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behavioral objective
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wording of a specific purpose in terms of desired audience behavior
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declarative sentence
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a grammatically complete sentence, rather than a clause, phrase, or questions
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Main ideas
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detailed points of focus for developing you central idea
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blueprint
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central idea of a speech plus a preview of main ideas
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World Wide Web
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the primary information-delivery system of the internet
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vertical search engine
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a website that indexes www information in a specific field
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Boolean search
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an advanced web-searching technique that allows a user to narrow a subject or key word search by adding various requirements
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domain
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Category in which a website is located on the internet, indicated by the last 3 letters of the site's URL
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ancedote
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illustration or story
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online database
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Subscription-based electronic resources that may offer access to abstracts and/or the full texts of entries, as well as bibliographical data
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stacks
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collection of books in a library
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preliminary bibliography
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list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech
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illustration
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story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem a speaker is discussing
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brief illustration
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an unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long
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extended illustration
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a detailed example
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hypothetical illustration
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example that might happen but has not actually occured
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description
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word picture of something
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explanation
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statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present form or existed in its past form
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definition
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statement about what a term means or how it is applied in a specific instance
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definition by classification
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a "dictionary definition," constructed by both placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and differentiating it from all other members of that class
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operational definition
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statement that shows how something works or what it does
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analogy
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a comparison
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literal analogy
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a comparison between two similar things
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figurative analogy
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a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends
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statistics
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numerical data that summarizes facts or samples
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primary source
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original collector and interpreter of information or data
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secondary source
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an individual, organization, or publication that reports information or data gathered by another entity
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opinions
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statements expressing an individual's attitudes, beliefs, or values
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expert testimony
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opinion offered by someone who is an authority on a subject
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lay testimony
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opinion or description offered by a non-expert who has firsthand experience
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literary quotation
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an opinion or description by a writer who speaks in a memorable and often poetic way
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topical organization
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arrangement of the natural divisions in a central idea according to recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker's discretion
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primacy
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arrangement of ideas from the most to the least important
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recency
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arrangement of ideas form the least to the most important
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complexity
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arrangement of ideas from the simple to the more complex
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chronological organization
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organization by time or sequence
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spatial organization
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organization based on location or direction
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cause-effect organization
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organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects
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problem-solution organization
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organization focused on a problem and its various solutions or on a solution and the problems it would solve
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soft evidence
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supporting material based mainly on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, and analogies
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hard evidence
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factual examples and statistics
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transition
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verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another
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verbal transition
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a word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas
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nonverbal transition
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a facial expression, vocal cue, or physical movement that indicates that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
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summary
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a recap of what has been said
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final summary
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a restatement of the main ideas of a speech, occurring near the end of the speech
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internal summary
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a restatement in the body of a speech of the ideas that have been developed so far
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preparation outline
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a detailed outline of a speech that includes the central idea, main ideas, and supporting material; and that may also include the specific purpose, introduction, conclusion, and references
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speaking notes
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a brief outline used when a speech is delivered
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mapping
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using geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, sub-points, and supporting material of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another
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standard outline form
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numbered and lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierarchically to indicate the relationships among parts of a speech
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anecdote
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an illustration or story
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rhetorical question
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a question intended to provoke thought rather than elicit an answer
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speech to inform
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teaches others new information, ideas, concepts, principes, or processes in order to enhance their knowledge or understanding about something
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pedaogy
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the art and science of teaching children
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andragogy
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the art and science of teching adults
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word picture
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a vivid description that appeals to the senses
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closure
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quality of a conclusion that makes a speech "sound finished"
