Speech: Examination 1 – Flashcards
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Empowerment
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having resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal
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Source
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The public speaker
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encode
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to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols
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code
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a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image
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message
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the content of a speech and the mode of its delivery
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decode
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to translate verbal or nonverbal symbols into ideas and images
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channel
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the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver
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receiver
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a listener or an audience member
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external noise
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physical sounds that interfere with communication
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internal noise
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physiological or psychological interference with communication
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feedback
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verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker
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context
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the environment or situation in which a speech occurs
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rhetoric
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the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
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declamation
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the delivery of an already famous speech
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elocution
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the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression and voice
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speech topic
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the key focus of the content of a speech
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general purpose
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the overarching goal of a speech -- to inform, persuade, or entertain
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specific purpose
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a concise statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your listeners to remember, feel, or do when you finish speaking
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central idea
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a one-sentence summary of the speech content
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main ideas
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the key points of a speech
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invention
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the development or discovery of ideas and insights
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ethics
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the beliefs, values and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong
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free speech
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legally protected speech or speech acts
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first amendment
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the amendment to the US constitution that guarantees free speech; the first of the 10 amendments to the US constitution known collectively as the bill of rights
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speech act
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a behavior, such as flag burning, that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech
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ethical speech
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speech that is responsible, honest and tolerant
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accommodation
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sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests and backgrounds of other people
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plagiarize
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to present someone else's words or ideas as though they were one's own
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plagiaphrasing
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failing to give credit for compelling phrases taken from another source
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oral citation
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the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title and year of publication
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written citation
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the written presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide
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select
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to single out a message from several competing messages
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attend
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to focus on incoming information for further processing
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understand
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to assign meaning to the information to which you attend
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remember
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to recall ideas and information
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prejudice
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preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs aobut a person, place, thing, or message
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receiver apprehension
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the fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the spoken messages of others
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listening styles
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preferred ways of making sense out of spoken messages
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people-oriented listner
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someone who is comfortable listening to others express feelings and emotions
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action-oriented listener
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someone who prefers information that is well organized, brief and accurate
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content-oriented listener
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someone who prefers messages that are supported with facts and details
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time-oriented listener
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someone who likes succinct messages
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critical listening
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evaluating the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by a speaker
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critical thinking
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making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear, and read
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fact
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something that has been proven to be true by direct observation
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inference
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a conclusion based on partial information, or an evaluation that has not been directly observed
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evidence
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the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion
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logic
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a formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion
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reasoning
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the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence
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rhetorical criticism
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the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages
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symbols
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words, images, and behaviors that create meaning
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rhetorical strategies
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methods and techniques that speakers use to achieve their speaking goals
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demographics
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statistical information about the age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and religious views of an audience
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open-ended question
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questions that allow for unrestricted answers by not limiting answers to choices or alternatives
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closed-ended questions
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questions that offer alternatives from which to choose, such as true/false, agree/disagree, or multiple-choice questions
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audience analysis
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the process of examining information about those who are expected to listen to a speech
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common ground
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similarities between a speaker and audience members in attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors
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relationship
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an ongoing connection you have with another person
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audience adaptation
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the process of ethically using information about an audience in order to adapt one's message so that it is clear and achieves the speaking objective
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demographic audience analysis
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analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message
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sex
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a person's biological status as male or female,a s reflected in his or her anatomy and reproductive system
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gender
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the culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of one's self as feminine or masculine
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culture
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a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people
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ethnicity
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that portion of a person's cultural background that relates to a national or religious heritage
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race
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a person's biological heritage
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ethnocentrism
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the assumption that one's own cultural perspectives and methods are superior to those of other cultures
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socioeconomic status
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a persons perceived importance and influence based on income, occupation, and education level
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target audiences
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a specific segment of an audience that you most want to influence
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psychological audience analysis
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analyzing the attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience in order to develope a clear and effective message
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attitude
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an individual's likes or dislikes
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belief
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an individual's perception of what is true or false
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value
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enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong
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situational audience analysis
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an examination of the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective message
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brainstorming
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a creative problem-solving technique used to generate many ideas
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behavioral objective
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wording of a specific purpose in terms of desired audience behavior
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internet
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a vast collection of hundreds of thousands of computers accessible to millions of people all over the world
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world wide web
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the most popular information-delivery system of the internet
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directory
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a sight that works by offering the user ever-more-specific categories of information from which to select
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search engine
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a web site that works much like a traditional card catalog or index, allowing access to the world wide web through a subject or key word search
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vertical search engine
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a website that indexes world wide web information in a specific field
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boolean search
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an advanced web searching technique that allows a user to narrow a subject or key word search by adding various requirements
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stacks
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the collection of books in the library
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card catalog
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a file of information about the books in a library; may be an index-card filing system or a computerized system
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periodical index
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A listing of bibliographical data for articles published in a group of magazines and/or journals during a given time period
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online database
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an electronic indexing resource that may include abstracts and/ or the full texts of entries, in addition to bibliographic data
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newspaper index
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a listing of bibliographical data for articles published in a newspaper (or group of newspapers) during a given period
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preliminary bibliography
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a list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech
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illustration
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a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem a speaker is discussing
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brief illustration
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an unelaborated example, often only a sentence or two long
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extended illustration
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a detailed example
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hypothetical illustration
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an example that might happen but that has not actually occurred
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description
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a word picture of something
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explanation
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a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present form or existed in its past form
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definition
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a statement about what a term means or how it is applied in a specific instance
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definition by classification
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a "dictionary definition," constructed by first placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and then differentiating it from all other members of that class
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operational definition
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a statement that shows how something works or what it does
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analogy
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a comparison between two things
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literal analogy
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a comparison between two similar things
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figurative analogy
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a comparison between two essentially dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends
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statistics
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numerical data that summarize facts or samples
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primary source
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the original collector and interpreter of information or data
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secondary source
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an individual, organization, or publication that reports information or data gathered by another entity
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opinion
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a statement expressing an individual's attitudes, beliefs or values
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expert testimony
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an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on a subject
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lay testimony
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an opinion or description offered by a nonexpert who has firsthand experience
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literary quotation
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an opinion or description offered by a writer who speaks in a memorable and often poetic way.
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topical organization
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organization of the natural divisions in a central idea according to recency primacy, complexity, or the speaker's discretion
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primacy
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arrangement of ideas from the most to the least important
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recency
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arranement of ideas from least to most important
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complexity
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arrangement of ideas from the simple to the more complex
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chronological organization
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organization by time or sequence
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spatial organization
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organization based on location or position
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cause-and-effect organization
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organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects
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problem and solution organization
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organization focused on a problem and then various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve
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soft evidence
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supporting material based mainly on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, and analogies
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hard evidence
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factual examples and statistics
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signpost
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a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
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internal preview
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a statement in the body of a speech that introduces and outlines ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses.
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internal summary
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a restatement in the body of a speech of ideas that have been developed so far
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credibility
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an audience's perception of a speaker as a competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic
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rhetorical question
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a question intended to provoke thought, rather than elicit an answer
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closure
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the quality of a conclusion that makes a speech "sound finished"
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preparation outline
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a detailed outline of a speech that includes main ideas, sub-points and supporting material, and that may also include specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews, and summaries, transitions and conclusion
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mapping
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using geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, sub-points, and supporting material of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another
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standard outline form
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numbered and lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierarchically to indicate the relationships among parts of a speech
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delivery outline
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condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed
