Psych 7A Chapter 9 – Flashcards
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Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study of
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thinking
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A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people is a(n)
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concept
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To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are often organized into
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category hierarchies
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A best example of a category of objects, events, or people if called a(n)
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prototype
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Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal
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prototype
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In testing thousands of different materials for use as a lightbulb filaments, Thomas Edison best illustrated a problem-solving approach known as
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trial and error
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Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called
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algorithms
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Heuristics are
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simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently
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In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on
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heuristics
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A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called
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insight
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The tendency to search of information that supports our preconceptions is called
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confirmation bias
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Jahmal cites his cousin Luana's many car accidents as evidence that women are worse drivers than men. He overlooks the fact that his wife and three daughters have had far fewer car accidents than he and his two sons. Jahmal's prejudicial conclusion about women's driving skills best illstrates the effects of
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confirmation bias
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A mental set is a
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tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
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When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount the candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates
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functional fixedness
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The availability heuristic refers to our tendency to
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judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered
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Many people overestimate how long they actually remain awake during restless nights because their moments of wakefulness are easier to recall than their moments of sleep. This best illustrates the impact of
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the availability heuristic
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Emotion-laden images of unusual but vivid cases of abducted children may lead many parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of
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the availability heuristic
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Steve was sure he answered at least 70 questions correctly on his biology test. In fact, he was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates
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overconfidence
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People are often positively impressed by research that supports their own point of view. Asking them whether they would have been equally impressed by the same research if it had provided results that disputed their point of view is likely to inhibit
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belief perseverance
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Without awareness, we often use highly adaptive heuristics. This best illustrates the value of
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intuition
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Experienced chicken sexers can tell you a chick's sex at a glance, yet cannot tell you how they do it. Their acquired expertise is such an automatic habit that it feelslike
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intuition
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People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10,000 people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is one-tenth of a 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of
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framing
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Ojinska sold many more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10 percent chance of winning a prize than whens he told them they had a 90 percent chance of not winning. This best illustrates
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the framing effect
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Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute
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language
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Phonemes are
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the smallest distinctive sound units of a language
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The smallest speech units that carry meaning are called
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morphemes
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In English, adjectives precede nouns. This is a rule of syntax, which is the
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orderly arrangement of words into grammatically sensible sentences
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A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visiter has apparently not yet mastered the ______ of the English language.
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syntax
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The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called
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babbling
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During the earliest stage of speech development, infants
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make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language
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Two-year-old Dirk's sentences--"Dad come," "Mom laugh," and "Truck gone"--are examples of
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telegraphic speech
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The principles of learning emphasized by B.F. Skinner are most helpful in explaining why children
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add new words to their vocabulary
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According to Chomsky, the fact that young children generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard before suggests that
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language skills are not developed simply through the processes of imitation and reinforcement
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Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborn
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language acquisition device
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Research suggests that humans can most easily master the grammar of a second language during
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childhood
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Which of the following was cited by Whorf as evidence in support of the linguistic determinism hypothesis?
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The Hopi cannot readily think about the past because their language has no past tense for verbs
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Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue. This best illustrates the influence of
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universal grammar of language acquisition
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Great apes, dolphins, and elephants have demonstrated self-awareness by
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recognizing themselves in a mirror
