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Mycenaean

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An Indo-European people who settled on the mainland of present day Greece around 2000 B.C. called Mycenaeans after their leading city of Mycenae.

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Trojan War

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A war (around 1200 B.C.), in which an army lead by Mycenaean kings attacked the city of Troy in Anatolia.

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Dorians

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A Greek-speaking people who migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization.

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Homer

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Ancient Greek epic blind poet who is believed to have composed the Iliad and the Odyssey somewhere between 750 B.C. and 700 B.C.

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Epics

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Long narrative poems describing heroes and great events such as the Iliad and the Odyssey.

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Myths

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Traditional stories developed by the Greeks about their gods.

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Polis

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A city-state in ancient Greece was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece.

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Acropolis

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A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city where citizens would gather to discuss city government.

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Monarchy

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A government ruled by a king or queen.

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Aristocracy

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A government in which power is in the hands of a small group of noble, landowning families.

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Oligarchy

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A government ruled by a few powerful people.

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Tyrants

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A leader in ancient Greece who seized power by force rather than by inheriting it.

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Democracy

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Rule by the people such as in Athens where the citizens participated directly.

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Helots

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Slaves forced to stay on the land they worked by the Spartans who revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.

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Phalanx

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A massive tactical formation of heavily armed foot soldiers known as Hoplites who stood side by side with a shield in one hand and a spear in the other.

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Persian Wars

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Conflicts between Greece and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.

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Direct Democracy

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A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

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Classical Art

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A kind of art in ancient Greece which figures look perfect not real and scenes show heroic people and God's.

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Tragedy

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A serious drama in which the protagonist, a person of high degree, is engaged in a significant struggle and which ends in ruin or destruction.

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Comedy

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A humorous form of drama that often includes slapstick and crude humor.

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Peloponnesian War

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A long conflict between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian arrogance

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Philosophers

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In ancient Greece "Lovers of wisdom", a thinker who uses logic and reason such as Socrates.

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Socrates

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Greek philosopher, who is known for his Socratic method of learning was sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth.

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Plato

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One of Socrates' students; is considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization. Plato explained his ideas about government in a work entitled The Republic.

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Aristotle

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One of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers. Pupil of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great.

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Phillip II of Macedon

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The father of Alexander the Great and king of Macedonia. Forcefully united the Greek city-states after the Peloponnesian War.

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Macedonia

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The ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander the Great located just North of Greece.

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Alexander the Great

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Son of Philip II of Macedon; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; conquered the Persian Empire.

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Darius III

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Persian king who lost his empire to Alexander the Great in 334 B.C. Was betrayed by his own men.

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Hellenistic

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Describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great.

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Alexandria

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City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.

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Euclid

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Greek Mathematician (Father of Geometry) who taught in Alexandria.

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Archimedes

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, estimated the value of pi, and is well known for his work in hydrosatics and mechanics., Greek mathematician and physicist noted for his work in hydrostatics and mechanics and geometry (287-212 BC)

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Colossus of Rhodes

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Largest known Hellenistic statues, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world stood more than 100 feet in height.

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Ancient Greece

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• Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking people live. • Includes mainland and about 2,000 islands

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The Sea

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• The sea shapes Greek civilization. • Proximity to sea, lack of resources encourage sea travel and trade

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The Land

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• Mountains slow travel, divide land into regions. • Lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for colonies

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The Climate

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• Moderate climate promotes outdoor life. • Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside

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Mycenaeans

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Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek mainland in 2000 B.C.. • Took their name from their leading city, Mycenae. • Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from 1600-1100 B.C.

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Contact with Minoans

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• After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea trade and culture.

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Trojan War

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fought by Mycenaeans against city of Troy in 1200s B.C.

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Dorians Replace Mycenaeans

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• Mycenaean civilization collapses around 1200 B.C.

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Dorians

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possibly relatives of Bronze Age Greeks—move into Greece. • Less advanced than Mycenaeans, Dorians leave no written records

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Epics of Homer

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• Oral tradition grows, especially epic the Iliad, about Trojan War, shows Greek heroic ideal

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Homer

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a blind storyteller

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Epic

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a narrative poem about heroic deeds

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myths

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traditional stories about gods

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Greek religion

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Greeks develop their own. • Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through myths . Greeks attribute human qualities—love, hate, jealousy—to their gods

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Cleisthenes

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seized power in Athens and turned it into a democracy

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Pericles

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important leader and warrior in Athens during the Golden Age who strengthened democracy, made it possible for poor people to be in the government of Athens, and said there should be equal justice for all people.

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Herodotus

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the ancient Greek known as the father of history

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Themistocles

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Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC)

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Demosthenes

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he was a lawyer and one of Athen's greatest speakers; he gave many speeches warning the Athenians that Phillip of Macedonia was a threat to Greek freedom; but no one believed him.

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Eratosthenes

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Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC)

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Thucydides

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Ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460-395 BC)

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Pheidippides

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Runner that carried messages to Sparta and Athens and died inside of the Athenian gates after the Battle of Marathon; modern marathons are imitations of his 26 mile run

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Pythagorus

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Taught people the universe folowed the same laws that govern music and numbers he developed a way to determine the length of the sides of a triangle.

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Draco

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Athenian lawmaker whose code of laws prescribed death for almost every offense (circa 7th century BC)

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Darius I

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king of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon

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Ptolemy

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Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus

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Phidias

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Athenian sculptor who supervise the building of the Parthenon. built a statue of zeus at olympia was one of the seven wonders of the world

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Solon

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abolished debt slavery and freed slaves. limited land allowed to be owned and extended citizenship. citizens gained more power

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Xerxes

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son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.

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Sophocles

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Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex and Antigone

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Euclid

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He is the father of geometry and wrote a book explaining geometry that was used as a text book till the 1900

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Aristarchus

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estimates the sun is 300 times bigger than Earth, and the planets revolve around sun

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What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?

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Sea travel connected Greece with other societies. They lacked natural resource so trade by sea was necessary.

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What aspects of culture did the Mycenaeans adopt from the Minoans?

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writing system, religious practice, art, politics, literature

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Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

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Iliad and the Odyssey

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How does an aristocracy differ from an oligarchy?

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The aristocracy was made up of nobles, while the oligarchy was just powerful people.

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What contributions did Solon and Cleisthenes make to the development of Athenian democracy?

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stopped debt slavery and structured classes based on wealth and then 10 classes based on region

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How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian Wars?

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emerged as the leader of the Delian League which had grown into at least 200 city-states

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Why steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens?

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Introduced direct democracy

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What were the battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War?

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Phalanx

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Why do you think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing?

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he wanted them to go further to question themselves and their moral character

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How was Phillip II able to conquer Greece?

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Phalanx of 16 across and deep with 18 foot pikes

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Phillip II's goal was to conquer Persia. Why did Alexander continue his campaign of conquest after this goal had been achieved?

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He was more interested in expanding his empire than governing it.

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What happened to Alexander's empire after is death?

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generals fought for control of the empire. three leaders split the empire and ruled without democracy and with complete power.

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How did trade contribute to the cultural diversity in the Hellenistic city of Alexandria?

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Alexandria occupied a strategic site on the western edge of the Nile delta. Trade ships from all around the Mediterranean docked in its spacious harbor. Alexandria's thriving commerce enabled it to grow and prosper.By the third century B.C., Alexandria had become an international community,with a rich mixture of customs and traditions from Egypt and from the Aegean.Its diverse population exceeded half a million people

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How did Euclid influence some of the developments in astronomy during the Hellenistic period?

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Wrote a book on spherical geometry that applied to astronomy.

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What did Stoicism and Epicureanism have in common?

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main goal of humans is to achieve harmony of body and mind

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What were the consequences of the Persian Wars?

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Athen was burned. With the Persian threat ended, all the Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom.

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What were Pericles' three goals for Athens?

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Strengthen democracy, hold and strengthen empire, glorify Athens.

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Why was Greece so easily conquered by Macedonia?

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Peloponnesian war had weakened city-states leading to a decline in military and economic power. No one believe Philip II was coming. City-States couldn't agree on a single policy.

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What four influences blended to form Hellenistic culture?

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Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Indian

CH. 5 – Classical Greece, 2000 B.C. – 300 B.C. – Flashcards

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