TCA 6th Feudal and Late Medieval Europe – Flashcards
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when did Feudalism in Europe take "root"?
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during a violent and unstable time that followed the fall of the Roman Empire in the west
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Feudalism
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a social and political system where lords gave land to vassals in exchange for loyalty, and service-existed in Japan
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Middle Ages
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period between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Rennaissance lasting from AD 500 to 1450
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Charlemagne
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king of the Franks who conquered much of Europe and spread Christianity
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serfs
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people who lived and worked on the manor of a lord or vassal
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manor
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noble's house and the villages on his land where the peasants lived
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chivalry
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code of conduct of knights, focusing on bravery, honor and respect toward women and the weak
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guilds
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associations of people sharing a trade or craft, intended to control the quality and quantity of their production and to protect their interests
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After the fall of Rome, what kingdoms existed?
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Smaller kingdoms
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Germanic people did not produce
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scholarly works
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After the fall of Rome what happened to learning and middle classes
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they declined or decreased
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After the fall of Rome, what happened to trading?
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it shrank and traders became poor so they turned to farming
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How did Franish Clovis help to spread Christianity throughout Europe?
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he converted to Christianity, so then most of his subjects did too
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Franks' military conquests
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Charlemagne had many military victories and took over much of the Western Empire, which helped the spread of Christianity
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Charlemagne's reforms
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He reformed and strengthened the Church. He also promoted education of the priests, organized church authority and made alliances with the popes
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What role did serfs play in feudalism?
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most peasants were called serfs, they lived and worked on the land belonging to the lord or vassal and they looked to their lord for protection
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lord
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a powerful noble who owned land
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vassal
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lesser nobles who used the lord's land
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fief
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plots of land owned by lords
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Feudal Structure ranking
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1. king 2. wealthy land-owners/high ranking church members 3. knights 4. peasants, most of whom were serfs
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manor
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The main part of a noble's land, with the center being the house
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farming the land on a manor
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this was the economic basis for the manor system
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Feudalism and manor life's effect on the medieval European economy
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all of the things one needed were produced on the manor, so few people ever left the property
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Why was is important to be self sufficient during the Middle Ages?
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for protection, and since trade had declined, the manor must be able to support itself with food and other materials
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Knights core ideals to be upheld
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defend the Catholic Church, protect women and the weak, fight against injustice and show courage in battle
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Knights would pray
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all night in the church
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Important buildings and spaces
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Market square and the cathedral
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standards of cleanliness
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towns were filthy, roads weren't paved and filled with mud after a rain
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buildings' safety
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they were made of wood and easily flammable
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As the Roman Empire broke down, Europe fell
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into disorder adn feudalism rose
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clergy
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people with priestly authority in a religion
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Thomas Aquinas
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Italian philosopher who said classical philosophy and Christian theology could exist in harmony
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religious order
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group of people who live according to a set of religious rules
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Crusades
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series of military expeditions from Christian Europe to Palestine between the 1000s and 1200s
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Saladin
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military leader who united Muslims to fight Christians in Palestine in the 1100s
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Reconquista
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series of campaigns, ending in 1492, by which Christian armies drove Muslim rulers out of Spain
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Inquisition
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Roman Catholic court established to find and punish those who had strayed from the Roman Catholic faith
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Catholic Church power
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Pope is the most powerful
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Church leaders had more power b/c
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they had strong ties to nobles and nobility and their wealth, which gave them more power
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How did the Church and monarchs interact?
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Pope Gregory and Henry IV argued which led to crisis
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Aside from religion, what did the Church offer to regular people?
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education, taught in cathedrals
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Cathedrals became the first
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colleges
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How did the Seljuk Turks affect pilgrammages to Jerusalem?
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they made it nearly impossible for Christians to get there
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Europena princes
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used success in war as a way to gain power, merchants gave money to crusades to gain access to righ trade routes between Asia and the east
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Byzantine Empire
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Seljuk forces attacked the BE, the BE asked Pope Urban II for help and the 1st Christian Crusade began in 1096
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Saladin
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Muslim political/military leader who retook Jersalem
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Richard the Lion Hearted
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English King who went on the 3rd Crusade and was named lion hearted b/c of his courage and skill in battle
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Saladin and Richard came to a truce and so
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Christians were allowed to visit Jerusalem's holy places
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Reconquista in Spain
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Christian armies drove out Muslim rulers
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1096
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1st Christian Crusade European Armies-Constantinople (Byzantine capital) then on to Palestine
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1147-1149
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2nd Christian Crusade Muslim Turks recapture Edessa-defeated European Armies
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1189-1192
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3rd Christian Crusade Saladin took Jerusalem and the Pope ordered to retake it
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1202-1204
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4th Crusade-European Christians launched Crusade-attacked Zara in B.E. to pay back Italians who were helping them travel
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Cardinal
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2nd most powerful and helped run the church
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Bishop
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ran dioceses, areas with several churches
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Priests
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ran individual churches and served lay people directly
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monks and nuns
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lived in isolated communities, learned to read latin, grew their own food and copied and translated religious texts
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lay people
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not an official part of the church, just attend it
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bubonic plague
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disease that struck western Eurasia in the mid-1300s in an outbreak known as the Black Death
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Feudalism brought order to medieavl Europe even while the
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Crusades raged in Palestine
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Hundred Year's War
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series of wars between England and France that took place between 1337 and 1453
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Joan of Arc
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French peasant girl who led the French to victory over the English at Orleans in 1429
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longbow
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weapon that could shoot arrows with enough power to penetrate a knight's armor
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absolute monarchs
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kings or queens who had unlimited power and controlled all aspects of society
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During the BP, how many died?
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10s of millions or 1/3 of the population
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How was trade affected by the BP?
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it basically stopped b/c sickness was so widespread
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How did the plague affect peasants' movement and employment?
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they were afftected positively bc there were labor shortages and they could demand higher pay
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Hundred Years' War, conflicting claims
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English attacked and Joan of Arc led French to victory, William the Conqueror conquered England and he united French and England's nobility which caused tension
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English Channel
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during the 100 Years' war, both sides debated who had rights to travel through it
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France's support of Scotland
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another issue in the 100 Year's was because they supported Scotland since Scotland was also fighting England
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How did towns change in the MA?
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towns grew, people moved out of countryside for money, wealthy merchants had power in local politics
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What was the relationship between monarchs and nobles?
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monarchs relied on money from traders, bankers and merchants through taxes and loans
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How did monarchs getting money from nobles help the towns?
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When monarchs got money, they were able to enforce law and order in the towns, which created stable towns
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What happened when towns supported monrachs?
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Monarchs power increased
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After what war did monarchs increase their power?
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the 100 Year's war
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When did French King Louis the XIV become an absolute monarch?
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when the English no longer had claim to their throne
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King Louis/France became
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the most powerful nation in Europe
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Renaissance
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new ideas began to emerge about learning, science and thinking
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from death and destruction following the BP and the Hundred Year's war came
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new structures and ideas of early modern Europe
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common law
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system of law based on court decisions and local customs
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King John
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king of England who signed the Magna Carta in 1215
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Magna Carta
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list of rights written by England's nobility and signed by King John in 1215
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parliament
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group of representatives with some powers of government
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habeas corpus
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right of people not to be imprisoned unlawfully
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How did King Henry bring consistency to England's legal system
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he sent royal judges to every part of the country
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What was King John's relationship with the Barons?
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England's nobility opposed John's policies and told him that he must recognize their rights, listed in the Magna Carta
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Who were the members of the parliament?
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high ranking church officials, nobility, city and town reps
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What kind of power did the parliament hold
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the power to pass and approve laws/tax collection
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what monetary power did Parliament control?
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tax collection
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How do modern courts function?
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they work together for a balance of their power
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universal suffrage
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toom many years, until the 1800s
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1800s
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a majority of men couldn't vote until now
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a modern legal idea that has its roots in medieval england
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a government elected by the people to represent them
