PSYC 319 – Flashcard
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As recently as the 1960s, why were some universities reluctant to admit women to their graduate programs in psychology?
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Their personal lives, in terms of marriage and becoming pregnant, were viewed as obstacles that reduced the likelihood of completion of graduate school and, in the opinion of some influential psychologists, some women would never amount to anything.
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Even when some women were admitted to graduate programs in psychology, they still encountered many barriers to their success, such as ____.
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a. being barred from some laboratory facilities b. being prevented from using graduate library facilities c. being unable to eat in graduate cafeterias d. not being allowed to participate in some seminar topics (E) All of the choices are correct
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A surge in the practice of applied psychology occurred in response to the lack of jobs in academic settings for PhDs. Thus, the development of applied psychology was a direct consequence of the ____.
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economic context of the United States
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Regardless of how objective a science and its practitioners are alleged to be, that science will be influenced by the ____.
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contextual forces of the time
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The three contextual forces in the history of psychology were ____.
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economic opportunities, wars, and discrimination
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On the basis of the destruction associated with World War I, Freud proposed that ____.
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humans have an instinct for aggression
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Which contextual influence on psychology lead to the growth of psychology in the areas of personnel selection, psychological testing, and engineering psychology?
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Demands generated by the world wars
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(T/F) The term Zeitgeist refers to the spirit of the times.
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True
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Kenneth Clark was rejected by the graduate program in psychology at Cornell because the university ____.
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could not tolerate Blacks working closely with Whites
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History ignores the work of the majority of ____.
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All psychologist
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What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?
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clock
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The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level
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reductionism
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The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.
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mechanism
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The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.
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mechanism
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The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.
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Newton and Galileo
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According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.
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mechanism
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___ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.
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Automata
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___ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence.
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Babbage's calculating machine
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Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?
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effects are predictable and measurable
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Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications?
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Lovelace
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Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?
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The brain contains derived ideas; the mind contains innate ideas.
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Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas.
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innate
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Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?
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a. a mechanistic conception of the body. b. the theory of reflex action. c. mind-body interaction. d. localization of mental function in the brain. (E) All of the choices are correct.
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The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____.
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undulatio reflexa (reflexive action)
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Which of the following is an example of a derived idea?
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Seeing a forest.
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Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.
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mechanics
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The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.
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reflex action theory
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According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____.
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where the mind and body interact
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Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology?
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Gestalt
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Derived ideas ____.
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arise from the direct application of an external stimulus
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____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.
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James Mill
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Locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism.
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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?
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George Berkeley
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What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?
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All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.
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Which of the following types of automata are NOT described in the book?
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A singing mouse
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James Mill's model says that all knowledge ____.
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begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas
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According to Locke, the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____.
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a complex idea
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Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.
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Comte
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The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____.
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positivism
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John Stuart Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry came to be known as ____.
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creative synthesis
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The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____.
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John Stuart Mill
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In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____.
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positivism
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John Stuart Mill (JSM) differed from his father's view of the mind by proposing: "Complex ideas emerge from combinations of simple ideas and possess characteristics not found in those elements." JSM was concerned with mental ____.
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chemistry
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The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality. This idea is a direct descendant of ____.
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Berkeley's mentalism
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While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed.
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contiguity; repetition
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The ____ method is described as a type of posthumous extirpation.
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clinical
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In the Unites States, the ____ brothers had a profitable and extensive business selling phrenology readings.
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Fowler
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____ produced the theory of cranioscopy.
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Gall
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The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on ____.
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mechanism
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Until the work of ____, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.
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J. Müller
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Whose research would support the argument that there is no such thing as objective observation?
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Bessel's
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"Acts like a chicken with its head cut off" is a description of behavior that has its roots in ____ research.
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Hall's
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____ created phrenology, which proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.
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Gall
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Why was David Kinnebrook fired?
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His observations differed from the observations of his boss.
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Johannes Müller's most influential publications was ____.
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The Handbook of the Physiology of Mankind
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____ systematically destroyed parts of the brain using extirpation.
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Flourens
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____ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement.
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Hall
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The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was ____.
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the inductive method
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Helmholtz emphasized a(n) ____ approach.
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mechanistic and deterministic
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German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because ____.
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there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike
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Weber's Law, the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it, rests on the measurement of the ____.
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just noticeable difference
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What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when they were lifted? What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when the weights were placed in the subject's hands?
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1:40; 1:30
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Why did Helmholtz abandon his research into human reaction times?
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He found differences from one individual to the next and he found differences in the same individual.
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With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse, perhaps the most important conclusion of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination ____.
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that thought and movement are not simultaneous
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Which of the following was NOT one of the research areas of Helmholtz?
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a. theory of color vision b. perception of combination and individual tones c. resonance theory of hearing d. speed of neural impulse (E) All of the choices were research areas of Helmholtz.
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Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference?
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Ernst Weber
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Weber's experiments led to two important contributions: (a) further research and (b) the focus of attention of later physiologists and the new psychology on the development of ____.
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experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships
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Late in his career, Fechner noted that the idea for describing the mind-body relationship ____.
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had not been suggested to him by Weber's work
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Fechner's flash of insight about the mind-body connection was that there is a(n) ____ relationship between a mental sensation and a material stimulus.
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quantitative
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In Fechner's Law as one variable increases arithmetically, the other variable increases ____.
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geometrically
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The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensation is a definition of ____.
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the differential threshold
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Fechner's work had proved Immanuel Kant wrong when Kant said that ____.
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psychology could never be a science
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In the original source material from one of his books, Fechner states that, "____ depends on ____".
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sensation; stimulation
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__ discovered the law, S = K log R.
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Fechner
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Fechner wrote satirical essays ridiculing medicine and science under the pen name ____.
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Dr. Mises
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Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the ____.
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quantification of the mind-body relationship
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The original source material on Fechner reproduced in your textbook was taken from the book ____.
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Elements of Psychophysics
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As a form of occupational therapy, Fechner ____.
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a. chopped carrots and turnips b. made strings and bandages c. grinded a sugarloaf into powdered sugar d. dipped candles (E) All of the choices are correct.
