question

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is ____.

answer

mechanism

question

According to the textbook, the dominant idea of the 17th century was ____.

answer

mechanism

question

The Zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century Europe and of the United States was marked by ____.

answer

mechanism

question

The theories of mechanism that invoke the movement of atoms to explain the universe were developed by ____.

answer

Newton and Galileo

question

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics?

answer

effects are predictable and measurable

question

What invention was considered the perfect metaphor for the "spirit of mechanism"?

answer

clock

question

The doctrine that acts are determined by past events is ____.

answer

determinism

question

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas) is ____.

answer

reductionism

question

Seventeenth century philosophers and scientists argued that like clocks and the universe, ____ are regular, predictable, observable and measurable.

answer

human beings

question

____ are mechanized figures that could almost perfectly duplicate the movements of living things.

answer

Automata

question

Philosophers and scientists joined in agreement that ____.

answer

experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature

question

____ was the first successful demonstration of artificial intelligence.

answer

Babbage's calculating machine

question

Contemporary cognitive psychologists' computer model of artificial intelligence is a direct descendant of ____.

answer

Babbage's calculating machine

question

Who published a clear explanation of how the calculating machine functioned and pointed out its potential use and implications?

answer

Lovelace

question

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience is ____.

answer

empiricism

question

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to ____.

answer

experience

question

Descartes was significant to psychology as a science because he helped liberate ____.

answer

science from the stranglehold of theology

question

Who can be said to have inaugurated the era of modern psychology?

answer

Descartes

question

In the 20th century, Carl Jung based important decisions on his dreams. A 17th-century predecessor in this practice was ____.

answer

Descartes

question

For Descartes, the application of mathematical principles to sciences would produce ____.

answer

certainty of knowledge

question

In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science?

answer

Descartes's

question

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities refers to ____.

answer

the mind-body problem

question

Before Descartes, the accepted point of view was that the interaction between mind and body was essentially unidirectional, that ____.

answer

the mind influenced the body

question

Descartes's dualism was novel in its emphasis on the ____.

answer

influence of the body on the mind

question

Descartes argued that all processes are functions of the body except ____.

answer

thought

question

Descartes changed the focus from the study of ____ to the study of ____.

answer

the soul; the mind

question

Descartes makes a case that because the body is matter the laws of ____ apply.

answer

mechanics

question

The body will respond without any internal conscious intent to some external stimulus. This fact illustrates Descartes' principle of ____.

answer

undulatio reflexa

question

In modern terminology, Descartes would argue that if the inputs are known, the behavioral outputs can be predicted. Thus, he is an intellectual ancestor of ____.

answer

S-R psychology

question

The response of salivation following the stimulus of food on the tongue is an illustration of Descartes' ____.

answer

reflex action theory

question

Under Descartes's reflex action theory, an external stimulus can bring about a(n)____ physical response.

answer

involuntary

question

Which of the following statements best describes Descartes' dualistic theory of human nature?

answer

The mind and body mutually influence each other's actions.

question

Descartes's term for the site of body-mind interaction was the ____, because it is ____.

answer

conarium; not duplicated in both brain hemispheres

question

Which of the following is an example of a derived idea?

answer

Seeing a forest.

question

Descartes posited that the mind-body interaction occurred in the ____.

answer

pineal body

question

According to Descartes, the pineal gland was the part of the brain ____.

answer

where the mind and body interact

question

Descartes proposed that the mind produces two kinds of ideas, ____ and ____.

answer

derived; innate

question

Derived ideas ____.

answer

arise from the direct application of an external stimulus

question

Which of the following is an example of an innate idea?

answer

infinity

question

Which of the following is a contribution of Rene Descartes to modern psychology?

answer

All of the choices are correct.

question

The idea of a house is an example of Descartes' notion of ____.

answer

derived ideas

question

Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ____ ideas.

answer

innate

question

The doctrine of ____ is important because it stimulated opposition among early empiricists and associationists.

answer

innate ideas

question

Descartes' notion that we are born with certain perceptual processes is also a principle of which modern school of psychology?

answer

Gestalt

question

The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable is ____.

answer

positivism

question

Both the term and concept of positivism represent the thought of ____.

answer

Comte

question

The idea that science should be based totally on objectively observable facts is called ____.

answer

positivism

question

In eyewitness testimony, one swears that what one has observed accurately depicts reality. Because this "fact" has not been determined through the methods of science, it does not meet Comtes' strictest application of ____.

answer

positivism

question

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter is ____.

answer

materialism

question

Those who argue today that behavior is no more than the action of chemicals and electrical events in the brain might be labeled "modern ____."

answer

materialists

question

Materialism is the belief that ____.

answer

all things can be described in physical terms

question

Locke's ____ marks the formal beginning of British empiricism.

answer

An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

question

A fundamental difference between Descartes's psychology and that of Locke was their position about the existence of ____.

answer

innate ideas

question

John Locke disagreed with the doctrine of innate ideas. According to Locke, ____.

answer

the mind is a blank slate at birth; therefore, there are no innate ideas

question

Aristotle held that the mind was a wax slate upon which impressions are made. Locke invoked the metaphor of the ____ to illustrate the same phenomenon.

answer

tabula rasa

question

What position did Locke take on the origin of ideas?

answer

All ideas are acquired from experience; no ideas are innate.

question

Locke argued that ideas seem to us to be innate because ____.

answer

we don't recollect having learned them

question

For Locke, ideas are the result of ____.

answer

sensation

question

"Why should I have to read what Locke wrote over 300 years ago? Schultz and Schultz and the instructor get paid to summarize that for me." What answer would the textbook authors give you?

answer

"Full understanding comes from reading the original data of history from the theorists themselves."

question

According to Locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____.

answer

reflection

question

According to Locke, the idea of an army or a navy would be an example of ____.

answer

a complex idea

question

For Locke, the difference between a simple and a complex idea is that a simple idea ____.

answer

cannot be reduced

question

If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, then the fall makes no sound. Using Locke's distinctions, this conclusion assumes that the sound is a(n) ____.

answer

secondary quality

question

According to Locke, the tickle of a feather would be a(n) ____.

answer

secondary quality

question

The notion of secondary qualities was proposed by Locke to explain ____.

answer

the distinction between the physical world and one's experience of it

question

"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is present to hear it, a sound will still occur because God is the permanent perceiver of all objects in the universe." This argument illustrates the position of ____.

answer

Berkeley

question

Which philosopher believed that the only things that humans know with certainty are those objects that are perceived?

answer

George Berkeley

question

The doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and is dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person is an illustration of ____.

answer

Berkeley's mentalism

question

Which of the following slogans could be attributed to Berkeley?

answer

To be is to perceive

question

Berkeley's basic difference with Locke was the former's argument that ____.

answer

there are no primary qualities

question

The phenomenology of the humanistic school focuses on the individual's unique experiences as they define the person's reality. This idea is a direct descendant of ____.

answer

Berkeley's mentalism

question

For Berkeley, depth perception is the result of ____.

answer

the association of ideas that must be learned

question

What was the significance of the defecating duck?

answer

All of the above.- It demonstrated the Zeitgeist of the time. It was widely popular and well-known. It was described as the "glory of France." It was one example of the spirit of mechanism.

question

Why was the mechanical clock a revolutionary invention?

answer

Clocks brought precision, regularity, and predictability to everyday life, which was later developed into a model for science.

question

Which of the following types of automata are NOT described in the book?

answer

A singing mouse

question

Which theorist believed that people are similar to machines?

answer

Descartes

question

What was the basis for Babbage's calculating machine?

answer

All of the above- The spirit of mechanism Automata and clocks The mechanical nature of human mental actions None of the above

question

What was the most influential doctrine to modern psychology?

answer

Empiricism

question

While Hartley's fundamental law of association was ____, he also proposed that ____ was necessary for associations to be formed.

answer

contiguity; repetition

question

Hartley was the first to apply the theory of association to explain ____.

answer

all mental activity

question

Hartley argued that the human brain and nervous system transmitted impulses ____.

answer

with nerve vibrations

question

James Mill demonstrated a radical perspective because he believed that the mind is a(n) ___.

answer

machine

question

____, the most radically mechanistic of the British empiricists, claimed that the mind is a machine and that there is no freedom of the will, believing instead that the mind is totally a passive entity and all thought can be analyzed in terms of sensations.

answer

James Mill

question

Mind is Machine would be a good book title for ____.

answer

James Mill

question

James Mill's model says that all knowledge ____.

answer

begins with sensations, and associations create complex ideas

question

James Mill: ____; John Stuart Mill: ____.

answer

mechanical; chemical

question

Which British empiricist championed women's rights and condemned the unequal status of women?

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

The idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" was the position of ____.

answer

John Stuart Mill

question

John Stuart Mill (JSM) differed from his father's view of the mind by proposing: "Complex ideas emerge from combinations of simple ideas and possess characteristics not found in those elements." JSM was concerned with mental ____.

answer

chemistry

question

Complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities. This is a definition of ____.

answer

John Stuart Mill's creative synthesis

question

John Stuart Mill's metaphor of mental chemistry came to be known as ____.

answer

creative synthesis

question

Which of the following was not a contribution of British empiricism to the development of psychology?

answer

the claim that almost all human knowledge is derived from experience. However, the principles of mathematics are innate ideas.

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