BJU World History Chapter 8 The Making of Medieval Europe – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Catholic
answer
A word simply meaning "universal" or "encompassing all."
question
Leo I
answer
Under this Bishop of Rome, the prestige of the office was further enhanced.
question
Pope
answer
"Father-Protector." This title has been applied to other bishops in both the East and the West.
question
Petrine Theory
answer
This theory holds that Christ made Peter the first pope and gave him supreme authority over the church on earth.
question
Roman Sacramental System
answer
An outgrowth of the mixture of human tradition and Bible doctrine.
question
Seven Sacraments
answer
1. Baptism washes away original sin. 2. Confirmation brings one into full fellowship with the church and brings him the Holy Spirit. 3. Through penance a church member earns forgiveness for sin committed after baptism. Penance includes, contrition, confession, satisfaction, and absolution. 4. The Holy Eucharist is a sacrifice in which the priest sacrifices Christ anew. 5. Matrimony unites a man and a woman as husband and wife. 6. Holy Orders sets an individual apart for the service of the church by ordaining him into the priesthood. 7. Extreme Unction gives an anointing or blessing to a seriously ill or dying person. Grants absolution from any remaining sin.
question
Mass
answer
During this service, the priest claims to perform transubstantiation.
question
Transubstantiation
answer
The supposed transformation of bread and wine into the actual body and blood of Christ.
question
Clergy
answer
Looked upon as the only servants of the church--its elite "warriors."
question
Laity
answer
"Unenlisted."
question
Secular Clergy
answer
These men conducted religious services, administered the sacraments to the laity, and supervised the business and property of the church.
question
Regular Clergy
answer
This group renounced the things of this world. They lived in monastic communities under strict regulations.
question
Benedictine Rule
answer
Strictly regulated the lives of monks.
question
Patrick
answer
English monk who took the gospel to Ireland.
question
Boniface
answer
Known as the "Apostle of the Germans."
question
Gregory I
answer
Perhaps the best representative of the early medieval popes. "The Great."
question
Purgatory
answer
A place of temporary punishment where souls bound for heaven must go after death to atone for their "minor" unconfessed sins or for sins for which they have not done sufficient penance.
question
Franks
answer
The most powerful of the Germanic peoples. They established many independent kingdoms in Gaul (modern-day France).
question
Clovis
answer
In 481 he became the head of a Frankish tribe in northern Gaul. He conquered other Frankish tribes, uniting them into one kingdom. "King of the Franks."
question
Merovingian House
answer
The royal line of family from Clovis. Plagued by quarrels.
question
Do-Nothing Kings
answer
They reigned, but they did not rule.
question
Mayor of the Palace
answer
The real power behind the throne was assumed by this principal palace official, the major domo.
question
Pepin II
answer
He defeated all the rival mayors and reunited almost all of the Frankish territories under one rule.
question
Charles Martel
answer
Son of Pepin II. "The Hammer." The best remembered of all the mayors of the palace.
question
732
answer
Charles Martel won his fame by stopping the advance of the Muslims into Europe. He defeated them at the Battle of Tours in western France in this year.
question
Pepin the Short
answer
Like his father Charles Martel, he served as mayor of the palace. Anointed king in 751 by the pope.
question
Carolingian House
answer
Named after its most illustrious member, Charlemagne--now ruled the Franks.
question
Lombards
answer
They were a Germanic people who through conquest had moved into northern Italy.
question
Donation of Pepin
answer
These lands eventually became the Papal States.
question
Charlemagne
answer
Charles had earned him this title, "Charles the Great" by being one of the outstanding figures of the Middle Ages.
question
Missi Dominici
answer
The king's envoys (messengers).
question
800
answer
The pope placed a crown on Charlemagne's head and proclaimed him Roman emperor on Christmas Day in this year.
question
Alcuin
answer
He took charge of the palace school and trained the king's children as well as the children of other noble families.
question
Carolingian Minuscule
answer
This clean and simple writing style became the model for much of our lowercase writing today.
question
Treaty of Verdun (843)
answer
The sons of Louis the Pious met at the city of Verdun in this year and agreed to split the empire into three separate kingdoms.
question
Charles the Bald
answer
He received West Frankland. One of the sons of Louis the Pious.
question
Louis the German
answer
He received East Frankland. One of the sons of Louis the Pious.
question
Lothair
answer
Retained the title of emperor and ruled the land between his brothers kingdoms. The eldest brother of the sons of Louis the Pious.
question
Magyars
answer
A group of Asiatic nomads who later became known as the Hungarians.
question
Vikings
answer
These Germanic tribes swooped down from the north out of the lands known as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.
question
Feudalism
answer
The form of government prevalent in western Europe from the ninth to thirteenth centuries. Local rulers offered the people protection in return for their services.
question
Lords
answer
Landholding nobles.
question
Fiefs
answer
Land grants nobles received for aiding the king in military services.
question
Vassals
answer
The recipient of a fief became the king's servant. He did not own the land, but held it as payment for service rendered to the king.
question
Subinfeudation
answer
The process of a vassal parceling out pieces of his fief in turn for services, becoming a lord and having vassals of his own.
question
Homage
answer
The ceremony by which a man became a vassal and thus eligible for a fief.
question
Investiture
answer
Symbolic act of a lord handing the vassal a small stick, lance, or clod of earth giving the right of use of a fief.
question
Aids
answer
Financial payments that vassals supplied to their lord on special occasions such as when his lord's eldest son became a knight or when the lord's eldest daughter was married.
question
Castle
answer
The center of life for the nobility. It was not only the lord's home, but also the local jail, the treasury, the armory, the court, and the seat of government.
question
Knight
answer
Dubbed at age twenty-one. They were to defend the Church, assail infidelity, venerate the priesthood, protect the poor from injuries, pacify the province, pour out their blood for their brothers, and if need be lay down their lives.
question
Page
answer
At age seven, a boy's initiation formally began. He was placed in the care of a knight (often an uncle) for special training to develop mind and body for the next several years.
question
Squire
answer
The personal servant of a knight. His training became more intense and his responsibilities greater.
question
Chivalry
answer
A strict code of behavior lived by the knight.
question
Peace of God
answer
By this, the church forbade the pillage of her property and extended protection to all noncombatants of society.
question
Truce of God
answer
This sought to limit fighting on specified weekdays by forbidding combat from Wednesday evening to Monday morning.
question
Tournament
answer
A mock war for knights including two types of contests, the joust and the melee.
question
Manor
answer
The home for the vast majority of people living in western Europe during the Middle Ages.
question
Demesne
answer
The land reserved for the lord.
question
Two-Field System
answer
Villagers planted the crops on only half of the cultivated land, leaving the other half to lie fallow for a year to recover in fertility.
question
Three-Field System
answer
In the spring the peasants planted one field with barley, oats, or beans; in the fall they planted a second field with rye or wheat. In the meantime the third field was left fallow.
question
Freemen
answer
These were the more privileged peasants who served as manorial officials or provided skilled labors.
question
Serfs
answer
The majority of those living on a manor.
question
Week Work
answer
The serfs devoted two or three days a week to working for their lord.
