22.2 – The Enlightenment in Europe – Flashcards
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Also known as the Age of Reason, this was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of individualism to solve problems
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The Enlightenment
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How did the Enlightenment spur about?
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The Scientific Revolution reevaluated old aspects and sought new insight regarding government, religion, economics, and education
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An English political thinker who wrote Leviathan and said humans were naturally selfish and wicked and people needed a strong absolute ruler to lead them
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Thomas Hobbes
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The agreement by which people created a government
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Social Contract
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An English philosopher who believed humans could improve themselves and could look after their own affairs and favored self government
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John Locke
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Locke believed people were born with 3 natural rights, . . . , and that if the government failed to protect these rights the people could ...
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Life, liberty, property, rebel
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The French social critics during the Enlightenment
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Philosophes
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What were the philosophes 5 core beliefs?
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Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty
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The most influential philosophe who used satire and a sharp tongue against his opponents leading to his exiling from England for his defense for tolerance, reason, and freedom of speech and religion
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Voltaire
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A French writer who studied political liberty and the English system of government who expressed checks and balances and the separation of power in his book, On the Spirit of Laws
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Baron de Montesquieu
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A philosphe who was committed to individual freedom who thought a direct democracy was optimal
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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What was Rousseau's idea of social contract?
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Agreement among free individuals to create a society and government
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An Italian philosophe who criticized the justice system and its abuses. He disliked the use of torture and capital punishment
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Cesane Bohesana Beccaria
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Published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman that stressed educational and societal equality for women
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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Helped stimulate interest in science in France by translating Newton's work
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Emilie du Chatelet
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What 3 effects did the Enlightenment give?
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Belief in progress, a secular outlook, and individualism
