question

Global currency of the early modern period was Production and the use of silver show

answer

Silver It showed the power of the new world economy emerging after 1500

question

What made silver blow up like this? Where was it?

answer

It had always been valued but when Europeans discovered it in the Americas it blew up Mexico had some mines but Potosi Bolivia had an enormous vein of ore

question

What is Mita and why did people do it?

answer

The inca system of drafting workers for short stints, they did it because they were desperate for labor By 1600, there 150,000 miners at Potosi, 1/3rd from the mita system

question

How much silver did the Spanish keep from Latin america? What did they do with it?

answer

They kept 1/5th (It was their chief gain of the american colonies) Silver allowed spain to build large armies and new buildings More silver sent to Europe passed Spain to merchants elsewhere/ Philippines to trade for Chinese products they could not otherwise afford

question

Merchants used silver to buy

answer

Asian goods (Indian spices, Chinese porcelain/silk)

question

The largest recipients of new world silver were... effects?

answer

China and India It began to replace paper money (even in common purchases)

question

The effect of Silver on China's tax system

answer

Ming dynasty required tax payments in silver Reduced the number of tax collections Helped sustain a standard of living in China that early into the 19th century was superior to to Western Europe

question

Worries about silver included

answer

Chinese observers thought it created a wider gap between the rich and poor (the poor struggled to find silver) Some Europeans worried about the effort put into getting silver (even fewer about mine conditions) They agreed that the new consumer goods were worth the trouble

question

Since 1100, various European leaders had become increasingly aware of the world around them since: After the mongol collapse in China:

answer

Crusaders brought knowledge of Islamic superior economy/ Asian goods After that collapse the once strong link between Europe and china broke and China was once again a mystery to Europeans

question

By that time European upper classes:

answer

Had grown accustomed to imported goods from SE Asia and India (it was transported to the middle east in Arab ships then loaded to vessels for Mediterranean trade

question

****INITIAL SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE LEADERSHIP CHALLENGED BY

answer

Britain, france and holland

question

What disadvantages did Europeans have as they entered this era of growing contacts?

answer

They were ignorant of the wider world, afraid of distant voyages since they did no want to fall off the world's edge ex.) Vikings from Scandinavia reached Greenland and then north America in the 10th century but lost interest because the indigenous warriors weapons were too good

question

1291 onward, what new problems did Europeans face as they launched a more consistent effort of expansion?

answer

Fear of strength of the Ottoman empire Lack of gold to pay for Asian imports (settlements in south Atlantic fed hope for gain)

question

The first expeditions were limited by

answer

The small oar propelled ships used in the Mediterranean trade could not travel far into the oceans

question

What technological developments/improvements helped Europeans in the 15th century?

answer

Development of deep draft sailing ships for the Atlantic (could carry heavy armaments) Using/improving compass, map-making and navigational devices

question

Chinese explosives: European metalwork that was steadily advancing:

answer

Adapted into gunnery Allowed western metal smiths to devise the first guns/cannons (not too accurate but huge at the time, it scared the Europeans themselves somewhat)

question

Effects of these developments:

answer

West began to forage military advantage over other civilizations, first at sea primarily (til 20th century) Unprecedented ability to kill/ intimidate from a distance

question

Initiative for expedition came from Portugal, who's rulers were drawn by what?

answer

Excitement of discovery Harm they might cause to Muslim world Thirst for wealth

question

Henry the navigator organized: When did Portuguese begin to press down on African coast?

answer

Series of expeditions along African coast/Outwards islands like Azores In 1434, Each expedition going further than the last, brought back slaves, spices (like pepper) and stories of golden hordes that they could not find

question

Why did Portuguese sailors venture around the cape of good hope in the 15th century? Results?

answer

To find india, having direct contact meant easier access to luxury goods and spices They rounded it in 1488, called it quits but after hearing about Columbus fining America for Spain in 1492 they tried again and found it 1498 under Vasco de Gama with the help of a Hindu pilot

question

Cape of good hope

answer

Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.

question

Portuguese in India

answer

MESS. They thought Indians were Christians/Hindu temples were churches Faced hostility of Muslim merchants (they long dominated trade in this part of the world)

question

What did they buy/trade?

answer

Had mainly crude goods for sale, some gold They returned with a small load of spices

question

Later trip involved: Why?

answer

More violence They substituted force for lack of items in world trade

question

.

answer

De Gama used ships guns to intimidate His forces killed and tortured many Indian merchants

question

De Gama's success set what in motion? Where did Portugal begin to set up ports?

answer

Series of port voyages to Indian ocean, and one that ended up in Brazil (Where Portugal proclaimed port sovereignty) African coast/India, Colonies in Mozambique (Africa) and Goa (India)

question

By 1514 Portugal reached: Results of the 1542 port expedition in Japan:

answer

Indonesia (center of spice production) and China Missionary effort was launched that had success for several decades

question

Only a short time after Portugal quest began what other country reached out with even greater force and what similar characteristics did it have with Portugal?

answer

Spain, they traveled into the Atlantic in the 14th century Both just reconquered from Muslim rule, Missionary zeal and desire for riches

question

In 1492 what did Christopher Columbus do?

answer

Besides it being the same year the last Muslim fortress was captured in spain he set sail to india, or so he thought He failed at reaching india but initiated European discoveries in the Americas, died thinking it was actually India

question

An expedition headed by who gave the new world it's name

answer

Amerigo Vespucci

question

Spain, eager to claim this new land

answer

Won papal approval for Spanish domination most of what is now latin america Later treaty awarded Brazil to portugal

question

Ferdinand Magellan

answer

(1480?-1521) Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Magellan was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.

question

Portugal emerged this first round of exploration with

answer

Coastal holdings in parts of Africa/Indian port of Goa, lease on Chinese port in Nucao, short lived interests in trade with Japan and claim on Brazil

question

What about spain?

answer

They asserted their hold on the Philippines, various pacific islands and the bulk of the Americas (backed them with military expeditions to mexico and south america in the 16th century) Also they had Florida and sent expeditions to California

question

Historical causation differs from scientific causation

answer

This is important to remember because history is more complex and carries a variety of subjects and reasons Some of which include: Exceptional individuals, culture, tech, and politics.... No uniform agreement

question

Northern Europe got the lead in exploration in the 16th century as

answer

Newly strong monarchies (ex. France/ England) got into exploration and Protestants in Britain and Hollad strove to rival Catholic gains

question

Why did this shift in dynamism occur?

answer

Spain and Portugal were busy digesting the gains made Northern Europe (particularly Dutch and British) improved oceanic vassals (lighter and faster than catholic adversaries)

question

Britain won a historic sea battle with spain in

answer

1588, routing the massive spanish armada

question

What happened afterwards

answer

British and Dutch and to some extent french vied for dominance of the seas

question

Why did they aim northward in the americas? Any exceptions?

answer

They couldn't challenge Spanish/Portuguese colonies, only in the sugar rich west indies did northern Europe seize lands claimed by spain

question

The new adventurers, like Spanish and Portuguese predecessors, appreciated

answer

The economic potential of such voyages Quest for profit became a dominant policy motive

question

Britain and Holland emphasized religion

answer

Less than European Catholics

question

French explorers crossed the atlantic first in? Where did expeditions go to?

answer

1534, reaching/claiming Canada In the 17th century various expeditions pressed down from Canada into great lakes region/Mississippi valley

question

British early timeline in North America

answer

Started with brief expedition in 1497 Wanted India but got Canada in the 16th century 17th century got real and they colonized the east coast of North America

question

Did Holland have any holdings?

answer

In north america and briefly Brazil They became a major competitor with Portugal in Southeast Asia after the dutch won independence from Spain 17th century they got indonesian islands/Post in SAF

question

Dutch east india company

answer

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British

question

British east india company

answer

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

question

Companies in North america traded actively in

answer

Furs

question

Hardships of voyagers and their crews

answer

Tiring work Uncertain at times Married men missed their families

question

Europe's new maritime strength/trade patterns (like adding the americas) generated wider changes

answer

1490s onward, range and significance of exchange increased, key manifestation of proto-globalization

question

Did new economic inequalities/empires overseas emerge?

answer

Of course. In other facts, French fries were sold in the streets of france by 1680

question

The greatest victims of disease spread from the extension of international contacts was:

answer

Native Americans who haven't been exposed to AfroEurasion diseases (smallpox/measles) Up to 80% losses North/South america lost more than half of their population Island populations in west indies were wiped out

question

How long did the devastation take to occur and what did it mean

answer

Over 150 year period (more rapid in other areas) Huge blow to earlier civilizations in Americas but an opportunity for Europeans to forage a partially new part of their own citizens/African slaves

question

When did Europe make contact with Polynesians/Pacific coast people? How did it go?

answer

18th century Same sad pattern, undermining vibrant cultures

question

Other exchanges , like the new world crops: Where were these crops taken/What did they trigger?

answer

Were less dire, spread rapidly via western merchants American corn, sweet potato, root crops taken to China Mediterranean/ parts of Africa Those crops with local agriculture improvements triggered population increase

question

Would it be safe to say food played a key role in world system created in early modern period

answer

Yes, 30% of foods consumed today come from plants with American origins Corn became staple in African diet/European were more conservative (ironic) Rumors of american food spreading diseases spread so potatoes took a while to gain ground

question

Why did animal husbandry become more similar across the new world?

answer

Euro/Asian animals (ex horse/cattle) were introduced into the new world

question

Did Europeans displace Asian shipping from coastal waters of China/Japan or completely monopolize the indian ocean?

answer

No, along east africa (vast) muslim traders remained active They got into trade between other societies which gave them more profit and influence

question

Lepanto

answer

Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.

question

What did this mean

answer

No hope for successful Muslim rivalry with Europeans, Turks rebuilt and continued in Eastern Mediterranean but could not challenge Europe on larger international routes

question

Although Europe did not conquer much inland territory in Africa or Asia: Where did spain and portugal set up ports and why were they useful:

answer

It did seek a limited network of secure harbors West African coast, Indian subcontinent, Islands of SE Asia, Chinese port at Macao (all by 17th century) European controlled ports served as areas for contact with overland traders (usually local merchants) and provided access to inland goods not directly within reach for west

question

When direct control was not possible, European influence led to the formation of

answer

Western enclaves in existing cities, western traders won special legal righrs Pattern in ottoman empire, elements of this seen in Japan after firm isolation policy was launched in 1600 (Dutch traders got special access in nagasaki)

question

Why did Europe get special access?

answer

International trade gained growing influence in supplementing regional economies and Europe ran trade

question

The most active competition in world trade emerged between who? Why didn't spain dominate with it's imports of silver?

answer

European nations themselves It lacked a good banking system / could not support a full commercial surge England/France/Holland (merchants had firmer status) soon pulled in lions profits from world trade

question

Another margin of profit for WEUR was expanding manufacturing operations

answer

So it could export finished goods (guns/cloth) for unprocessed goods (silver/sugar)

question

Core nations

answer

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials.

question

Mercantilism

answer

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought like how colonies supported the mother country

question

Both of these reflected/encouraged

answer

New world system Tariff policies discouraged manufacturing in colonial areas/stimulated home based manufacturing

question

Areas beyond western europe

answer

Were increasingly emerged in world economy but as dependents to core nations

question

Human labor was: Parts of Sub Saharan Africa:

answer

A vital item of exchange Entered world economy mainly as suppliers of slaves Earlier trade patterns across the Sahara yielded to a more dominant focus on Atlantic activities organized by western traders

question

In return for slaves what did Europe trade?

answer

Manufactured items (guns) while profiting from their control of commercial/shipping services

question

New world economic relationships: Most areas established as dependent by the 17th century:

answer

Proved highly durable Still carry some special burdens in world trade today

question

Were people in dependent latin america/slave shipping parts of africa poor? Were they involved in the market economy at all?

answer

Not all people, African princes who taxed/traded slaves could grow rich No, they produced for local subsistence with traditional motives/methods Significant minorities involved in production for world markets

question

Why did coercive labor systems spread? In the Americas this led to

answer

Dependent economies relied on cheap production of unprocessed goods Led to tendency to build up system of little cost labor when labor supply was already limited Americas had population loss from disease so this led to the massive importation of African slaves

question

For many native Americans/Mestizos: More limited examples of estate management rose for

answer

Systems of estate management developed that demanded a large amount of labor Spice production in Dutch east indies, peasants forced into labor without the freedom to leave/ developed in British indian agriculture productions in the 18th century

question

Asia's participation in the world economy:

answer

Strong/Profitable, did not sponsor the most active merchant ventures Chinese government avoided international trade on other peoples terms (since they renounced large scale international trade in the 15th century)

question

Where did China trade? How did they keep European activities in check?

answer

Most of their limited trade was channeled through Macao China copied some firearms manufacturing from Europeans on a low level, beyond this there was extensive government regulation backed by a coastal navy

question

how did Europeans write about China

answer

Scornfully, saw them as refusing to advance for listening to emperor/keeping tradition

question

Chinese managed to avoid: Chinese manufacturing gains led to a:

answer

Trying to keep up with European developments/ subservience to European merchants led to a strong export position (they obtained a lot of silver)

question

At the end of the 18th century what happened in a famous British mission

answer

China swerved them, claiming they had no need for outside goods European eagerness for Chinese goods was not matched by them (euros like porcelain)

question

Did trade continue after this? What did westerners do to compensate?

answer

Yes, a little They made their own porcelain industry by the 18th century (contributed to the industrial revolution, esp in Britain)

question

Japans position

answer

More fully pulled back, like Korea Showed some openness to Christian missions Fascination on western advances in guns and shipping

question

Why did guns have relevance to Japan's ongoing feudal wars?

answer

There was no disdain for military life

question

Japanese leaders worried about......so they.....

answer

Western influence/impact it could have on internal divisions among warring lords and the threat guns posed to samurai military dominance So they encouraged a local gun making industry that matched euro muskets and cannons then cut off most contact with any world trade

question

From the 17-19th century Japan entered a period of:

answer

almost complete isolation except for some Chinese contact and trading concessions to small dutch enclave near nagasaki Most Japanese were forbidden to travel/trade abroad (small christian minority was suppressed)

question

Rulers of Indian Mughal empire in 16th century India

answer

Interested in western traders/ encouraged enclaves Sold goods, cottons/spices/textiles for new world silver Most attention was on internal development/land based expansion and commerce (world trade was on the side, same for ottoman and Safavid empires)

question

Russia

answer

Lay particularly outside of the world economic orbit until the 18th century They traded with nomadic peoples in central Asia (largely agricultural society)

question

The world economy gained ground over time

answer

Centerpiece of the process of proto-globalization

question

By the 18th century Western traders were advancing in

answer

India, as the Mughal empire began to fall apart British/french east indian companies staked out increasing roles in internal trade/administration

question

Why did Britain pass tariffs against the import of cotton cloth made in india?

answer

To protect Britain's own cotton industry Intent to use India as a market for British processed goods/Source of outright payments of gold

question

Despite all of this India:

answer

Maintained a complex regional economy still Not forced into complete dependency like latin america but manufacturing began to decline

question

How did eastern Europe fit into the world economy?

answer

Growth of cities in west created need for imported grains by the 18th century Much of this demand was met by the east

question

Export grains were produced by: Relationship similar to:

answer

Serfs on large estates mainly Similar to latin america, except outside of Poland Europe grew stronger than Latin american counterparts

question

Why were opportunities to establish colonies so inviting in the Americas?

answer

European guns, horses, and iron weapons offered advantages where political disarray/ population losses offered openings

question

Spanish colonization route: When did they begin to settle on the mainland?

answer

Several west indian islands (hispanola then cuba, Jamaica/Puerto rico) in 1509, in search of gold

question

The first colony was in: Under:

answer

Panama Under Vasco de Balboa, led to conquest of Aztec and inca (1531) Then to parts of columbia and other parts of the andes region (portions of argentina Expansion resulted from efforts of adventures

question

Vasco de Balboa

answer

Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

question

Francisco Pizzaro

answer

Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to the Spanish Attacked the divided empire and was killed in 1541 by inca rebels

question

Early colonies in the americas

answer

Developed by small bands of gold hungry Europeans, often controlled by colonial administrators back home

question

Colonial leaders started as: Then transitioned:

answer

Limited control over native populations and content with just tribute and sometimes left existing leaders in place The formal administration spread, including active missionary efforts to Christianize the native peoples

question

Did france britain and holland establish colonies in the Americas?

answer

later but yes, france found Quebec from 1600 onward to mississippi basin, Dutch and English settlers moved to portions of the atlantic coastal region early in the 17th century

question

17th century all 3 gained control of several west Indian islands

answer

Which they involved into growing slave trade

question

At first natives seemed

answer

Uncivilized with potential to the incoming explorers, Columbus was like a brother to the inca ruler Atahullpa, whom he them defeated in 1533 for religious reasons

question

new york

answer

Began as a duch settlement but taken over by english expedition in 1664

question

In canada, first substantial european settlements were launched by

answer

France under Louis XIV, french peasants were forced to emigrate Hard to produce adequate labor force but birth rates were high

question

New france

answer

French colonies in north america HAd 55,000 settlers by 1755

question

seven years war

answer

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land

question

Treaty of Paris

answer

a 1763 agreement between britain and france that ended the french and indian war

question

Relations between British officials and French canadian comunity remained

answer

Stiff as british settlements developed in Eastern canada and ontraio

question

What led to English speaking contingent in Canada?

answer

Flight of American loyalists after 1776 revolution

question

Value of North American products (furs/timber)

answer

Not nearly as great as the profits from the Caribbean and Latin america so much less attention was placed to economic regulation Some new merchant manufacturers in North america

question

What was the population of the American colonies?

answer

3 million, less than latin america Southern colonies that produced cash crops such as tobacco, sugar and cotton became important

question

Similar patterns of Atlantic/Latin American colonies

answer

Large estates with imported slave labor/wealthy planter class bent on importing luxury item from western Europe Weak formal government

question

Euro settlers colonized Atlantic coastal region, driven by? Effects on native population?

answer

Religious dissent, ambition and other things The native population quickly reduced due to disease and war

question

The colonies operated their own assemblies

answer

Gave political experience (closer to euro forms) Calvinist and Quaker church assemblies gave governing power to elders and wide congregations

question

Colonist science and reading

answer

Imitated Europe a lot, hundreds of north americans contributed scientific finding to the British royal society They liked European political theories/enlightenment and John Locke

question

Art in colonies: North American leaders saw themselves as:

answer

Rather primitive, came Europe As part of larger western world

question

By the late 18th century what was going on for America

answer

American merchants were trading with China North America developed a small merchant class/some manufacturing

question

Why did britain try to impose firmer limits on thriving colony economy?

answer

Wanted to ensure a market for British goods/traders Wanted more tax revenue This caused rebellions in key colonies

question

What facilitated the spread of western values in Atlantic colonies and British/French settlements in Canada

answer

Modest population of Native Americans in these areas and few practiced settled agriculture (hunted, slash and burn crops) so that helped them

question

Native american contact with Europeans

answer

The got pushed further west Some turned to horsed based hunting economy and they had distracting territorial wars Never combined to create a cultural group like in Latin america

question

By 1200 the practice of slaveholding/interactions with African american culture:

answer

Distinguished North american life with euro counterpart By the 18th century 23% of the colonies had African origins

question

North american and Western civilization

answer

Similar family structure (North AM could have more children and marry younger) American focus on children (perhaps since they were depended on for labor New emphasis on family affection

question

When colonies rebelled in 1776:

answer

It was in the name of Western political ideas/economic goals against dependency Britain tried to impose Implementing key ideas for the first time

question

Europeans in Africa:

answer

Small coastal fortresses, did not try to claim large territory Sold Asian (Indian cotton) and European (guns) products in return for slaves

question

Who did they deal with in Africa/ What deterred them from reaching the interior?

answer

Dealt with west african government and traders Negotiated with african kings Climate, disease and non-navigable rivers stopped them

question

The 2 exceptions were

answer

Portugal expedition to angola in search of slaves Core colony= Dutch colony established at core of good hope

question

when was Core colony established?

answer

1652

question

Boers

answer

Dutch settlers in South Africa

question

When did Boer settlements clash with bantu farmers? Effects?

answer

After 1770 Opened a long battle for control of South africa until late 20th century

question

When did britain and france start to struggle for control in India? When did the last Mughal emperor die?

answer

Late 17th century as the Mughal empire weakened, forts dotted the coasts 1707

question

British east india company had 2 advantages here against France

answer

Gained a station at Calcutta Had a big influence on Britain's government (navy) while french rivals had less of a political clout at home (the french were distracted by land wars)

question

Which was more interested in missionary work?

answer

Franch, The british were content to leave hindu customs alone/devote themselves to commercial profits Protestants deeply commited to colonial missions in the 19th century

question

Timeline of French/British rivalry

answer

Mid 18th cent was outright warfare 1744= seven years war 1756= independent ruler in Bengal captured British base Calcutta (English used this to rally forces (recapture it) French power in India destroyed / east india company took over administration of Bengal region British also gained ceylan from Dutch

question

British gov took a more active hand in Indian administration until

answer

late 18th century, british control of indian subcontinent incomplete (mughal was still there)

question

European administration in most colonies

answer

Loose, few settler arrived except in south africa/americas Cultural imposition slight outside of the americas Missionary activity won converts in Philippines

question

Main impact of colonies/they pressed for...

answer

Supplemented more general devlopment of world economy Pressed for economic advance of home country (open markets/cheap goods)

question

Impact on WEstern Europe

answer

Economic/diplomatic effects of colonial sucess Colonial rivalries added to multitude of conflicts

question

Seven years war was fought in?

answer

Europe India North america

question

Sugar

answer

it was an effect on daily life, it became a basic product

question

Profit Europeans brought in from world trade:

answer

Added wealth and capital

question

Why did many Europeans turn to manufacturing?

answer

Opportunities to export in world trade Enhance european commercial character/ dependence on agriculture alone More tax revenue

Chapter 16: The world economy – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards