Chapter 15: Key terms and Questions – Flashcards
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Muhammad Ali
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Ruler of Egypt between 1805 and 1848. He initiated a set of modernizing reforms that sought to make Egypt competitive with the great powers.
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Bourgeoisie
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The middle class. In Europe, they sought to be recognized not by birth or title, but by capital and property.
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East India Company
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British charter company created to outperform portuguese and spanish traders in the Far East; in the eighteenth century the company became, in effect, the ruler of a large part of India.
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Industrial Revolution
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Gradual accumulation and diffusion of old and new technical knowledge that led to major economic changes in Britain, North western Europe, and North America, catapulting these countries ahead of the rest of the world in manufacturing and agricultural output and standards of living.
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Industrious Revolution
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Dramatic economic change in which households that had traditionally produced for themselves decided to work harder and longer hours in order to produce more for the market, which enabled them to increase their income and standard of living. Areas that underwent the industrious revolution shifted from peasant farming to specialized production for the market.
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Popular sovereignty
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The idea that political power depends on the people.
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Social Contract
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The law binds both ruler and people.
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Demos
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The common people of an ancient Greek state.
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Eli Whitney
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Inventor of the cotton gin. Inventor of interchangeable parts-standardized, identical parts that made for faster assembly and easier repair of various devices. Known as a pioneer of American manufacturing.
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Ulama
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Arabic word that means "learned ones" or "scholars" used for those who devoted themselves to knowledge of islamic sciences.
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Which of John Locks ideas formed the basis of the declaration of independence?
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His idea of social contract (in which the law binds both ruler and people) was used which rebels used to announce their right to rid themselves of the english king and form their own government.
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who constituted the people according to political arrangements americans made during the war of independence.
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How did the idea that all men were created equal affect revolutionary american society?
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This overturned former social hierarchies in the thirteen colonies (now calling themselves states). Thus common men no longer automatically deferred to gentlemen of higher rank. Many women claimed that their contribution to the revolutions cause (by managing farms and shops in their husband's absence) earned them greater equality in marriage, including property rights. This idea also now gave all white men the right to vote.
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why did king louis XVI summon the Estates general into session in 1788?
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Louis XVI spent large sums of money in support of the american rebels- By doing this he overloaded the state with debt. To restore his credit, Louis needed to raise taxes on the privileged classes, to do so he was forced to convene the estates general, a medieval advisory body that had not met for over a century.
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Why were elite iberian americans initially reluctant to embrace the idea of independence?
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They were reluctant because they were afraid of a slave uprising because slaves were not included in the idea of independence. However, after an uprising occurred iberian americans were no longer afraid, they renewed their loyalty to the spanish or portuguese crown.
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Why did king pedro separate brazil from portuguese rule and declare brazil to be a constitutional monarchy?
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He separated brazil from portuguese rule because he feared another uprising against local elites.
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What factor contributed most to Mexico's declaration of independence in 1821?
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When napoleon occupied spain mexico found themselves without an emperor. Locally born creoles resented the fact that spain reinstated peninsulares as colonial officials with the help of the royal army. Creoles wanted to keep their privileges and get rid of the peninsulares.
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Who benefited most from the revolutions against spanish rule in the americas?
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The loosening of spain's grip on its colonies was more prolonged and militarized han britain's separation from its american colonies.
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Where did participation in global trade first begin to have a significant impact on the lives of ordinary people?
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Participation in global trade had important social and political consequences. As new goods flowed from even more distant corners of the globe, immense fortunes grew. To support their enterprise, traders needed new services in insurance, book keeping, and the recording of legal documents. Trade supported the professions of lawyers and accountants.
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What factors helped create the industrious revolution?
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The willingness on the part of families to work more and an eagerness to eat more diverse foods, to wear better clothes, and to consume products that had once been available for marketplaces only meager surpluses of goods and services. When wives and children wanted to work more to make more for market this really pushed to create this industrious revolution.
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In the eighteenth century global trade was stimulated by poor people in Western Europe consuming which products?
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Coffee, Tea, Sugar and Silver were the early pioneering products that everyone was attracted to.
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In what way did Britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?
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It had the political and social environment that allowed merchants to invest heavily while also expanding their internal and international markets.
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What invention transformed sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making?
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Steam powered engines helped transform sugar refining, pottery making, and textile making.
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How did the industrial revolution affect Europe's relationships with other parts of the world?
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Europe was the largest producer of textiles and other countries needed textiles so they became friendly trade wise. Europe being now one of the richest countries also had other countries borrowing money from them constantly.
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Which of the following explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution?
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China did not foster experimental science of the kind that allowed Watt to stumble onto the possibility of steam, or Whitney the cotton gin. The Qing like the mughal and ottoman dynasties swept the great minds into the bureaucracy and reinforced the old agrarian system based on peasant exploitation and tribute. The second reason was that Chinese, Mughal, and ottoman rulers did not support overseas expansion and trade.
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In early nineteenth century industrial societies why did migration to urban areas increase so rapidly?
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In the early nineteenth century workers migrated to urban areas because they were closer to work.
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Which of the following methods was used by tsar nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia?
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In order to maintain absolute rule, russian tsars portrayed the monarchs family as the ideal historical embodiment of the nation with direct ties to the people.
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What actions was undertaken by Muhammad Ali to attempt to create the most powerful state in the eastern Mediterranean?
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Muhammad Ali's public Works Department, advised by european engineers deepened the irrigation canals and constructed a series of dams across the nile. These efforts transformed Egypt making it the most powerful state in the eastern mediterranean and alarming the ottoman state and great powers of Europe.
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In the Ottoman Empire why did reform attempts such as the Tanzimat ultimately fail to produce revolutionary change?
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Reform relied to much on personal whim of rulers ,and the bureaucratic and religious infrastructure remained committed to old ways.
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During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries how did india's traditional trade patterns change?
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Company rule and booming trade altered India's urban geography.
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What was the primary goal of liberal european reformers such as lord macaulay concerning changes to Indias educational and cultural systems?
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He made recommendations on educational policies he urged that english replaced persian as the language of administration and that European education replace oriental learning.
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How did the migration of Qing peasants differ from the migration of workers in Britain?
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Unlike English Counterparts Chinese were always on the move. Migration moved for several reasons such as given free land with promises of tools seed and the loan of silver and a horse all with the duel objectives of producing enough food to supply the troops and relieving pressure on the poor and arid northwestern part of the country.
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How did the trade relationship between China and Europe change in the early nineteenth century?
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Because of free trade everyone was forced to trade with Europe leaving China in the dust.
