World History Ch. 23 – Flashcards
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What was the dividing line between Western Europe & Communist Eastern Europe?
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Iron curtain
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What did the iron curtain come to symbolize?
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the dividing line between democracy & communism
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Who was the leader who coined the phrase iron curtain?
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Winston Churchill
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What was the post-WWII state of apprehension, hostility, and competition between the Soviet Union & U.S. called?
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Cold War
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How did the Cold War contrast with the "Hot war"?
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The Cold War didn't have actual battles.
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What were some new challenges after WWII?
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communist world = Soviet Union free world = U.S.
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What 3 major groups developed in the post-WWII world?
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Industrialized Nations Communist Nations Third World Countries
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Who were the industrialized nations?
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North America, Western Europe, Japan
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Who were the communist nations?
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Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China
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Who were the third world countries?
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Africa, Asia, Middle East
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Describe the relations between the Soviet Union and the West.
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1. ill will when Russia left WWI 2. the West was appalled by Communist violence to establish power 3. Allied assistance to non-communist forces
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How did the Soviet Union expand its control?
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--Russia was given Eastern Europe with the promise of free elections. --all became subjects of the Soviet Union
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Who kept Yugoslovia from Soviet invasion and remained independent of Stalin in which Stalin denounced?
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Tito
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What had the principle of assisting countries in a struggle against communism and had Truman seeking to negotiate an end to war in Korea out of fear of Chinese intervention?
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Truman Doctrine
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What is the use of military, economic, diplomatic, and psychological means to curtail the further advancement of communism?
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containment
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What provided massive economic assistance for post-WWII Europe.
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Marshall Plan
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What was another name of the Marshall Plan?
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European Recovery Act
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Which European nations accepted the funds from the Marshall Plan, the eastern or western nations?
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western
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What was the short-term purpose of the Marshall Plan?
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hasten European economic recovery
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What was the long-term purpose of the Marshall Plan?
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1. thwart the advance of communism in Western Europe by rebuilding those countries economically 2. strengthen and reduce the appeal of communism 3. create strong trade partners
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What were Germany's zones?
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After WWII, the Allies divided Germany into 4 zones occupied by France, Britain, U.S., and Soviet Union.
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How was Berlin (Germany's capitol) divided?
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Western Allies occupied West Berlin. Soviets occupied East Berlin.
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What was the blockade of Berlin?
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Soviets were upset with the Marshall Plan, so they cut off all highway/rail access between West Berlin and Western Europe.
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What did the Americans and British do in response to the blockade of Berlin?
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airdropped necessities into West Berlin which caused the Soviets to lift the blockade
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What was a regional military alliance to defend against Soviet expansion?
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NATO
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What does NATO stand for?
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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Which non-European state joined NATO?
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Turkey
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What was the Soviet regional military alliance that included Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe?
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Warsaw Pact
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Why was the Warsaw Pact created?
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in response to NATO
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What was the build up of weapons between 2 or more nations to maintain a position of strength that began in 1949?
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Arms race
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What were wars limited to specific geographic areas?
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limited wars
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What was the war between communist North Korea & democratic South Korea?
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Korean War
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What was the immediate cause of the Korean conflict?
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North Korea invaded South Korea
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What happened due to the Korean conflict?
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1. a demilitarized zone was established between North & South Korea 2. the status quo was restored 3. a larger war had been prevented 4. communism was contained
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What was MacArthur's successful invasion that pushed the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel and into China?
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The Inchon Invasion
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Who was removed from his duty as U.N. commander in Korea because he openly criticized his commander?
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Douglas MacArthur
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What is the border between North & South Korea?
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38th Parallel
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Who was the communist leader in Vietnam that declared Vietnam independent from France?
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Ho Chi Minh
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What was the battle where the Communist Vietnamese annihilated the French army?
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Battle of Dien Bien Phu
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What is the border between North & South Vietnam?
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17th Parallel
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Who are the guerrillas who launched subversive activity in south Vietnam?
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Viet Cong
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What is the alliance formed to combat communism in S.E. Asia?
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SEATO (S.E. Asia Treaty Organization)
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What were three countries in SEATO?
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U.S., Britain, & France
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What theory stated if Vietnam fell, other Asian nations would follow?
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domino theory
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Who coined the domino theory?
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President Eisenhower
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What resolution by congress authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against U.S. forces and to prevent further aggression?
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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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What happened to cause the American public to turn against the war effort in Vietnam?
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Tet offensive
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What term coined by President Nixon meant to turn the burden of fighting over to the South Vietnamese?
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vietnamization
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Who seized power in Cuba & allied his country with the Soviet Union?
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Fidel Castro
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What was the failed American attempt by CIA-trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and oust Castro?
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Bay of Pigs
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Who succeeded Stalin?
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Nikita Khrushchev
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What sought "to keep to the positions of ideological struggle without restoring arms"?
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peaceful coexistence
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What is the term for "relaxation of tension"?
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Detente
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What was the Russian satellite that was the 1st man-made satellite launched into space?
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Sputnik
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What was the name of the incident of Soviets shooting down an American spy plane piloted by Gary Powers?
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U-2 Incident
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What was the concrete barbed-wire wall that separated East & West Berlin?
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the Berlin Wall
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When was the Berlin Wall torn down as an admission of failure of Communism?
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1989
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What was one of the most serious crises of the Cold War called when President Kennedy forced the Soviets to remove their missiles from Cuba in 1962?
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Who was the Soviet leader at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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Khrushchev
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What treaty did President Nixon sign with the Soviets that limited nuclear weapons?
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SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
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Who was a famous author that was a victim of Communist oppression?
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Aleksander Solzhenitsyn
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Who brought renewed confidence & hope to America in the 1980s by reducing government regulations & lowering taxes?
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Ronald Reagan
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What did Ronald Reagan demand?
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that the Berlin Wall be torn down
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What was a weapons system initiated by Reagan that was designed to use technology to shield against Soviet missiles?
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SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)
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What were 3 reasons for the decline of the Soviet Empire?
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1. growing unrest in satellite states; demonstrations & uprisings 2. changing leadership; aging hard-liners vs. young progressives 3. economy woes; central planning rather than market forces guided economy 4. economic drain of defense; bankruptcy due to arms race high and high costs of maintaining control over the empire
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Who set in motion forces that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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What was introduced by Gorbachev to increase industrial productivity and meant "restructuring"?
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perestroika
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What was introduced by Gorbachev and meant "openness"?
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Glosnot
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How did perestroika and Glosnot facilitate the collapse of Soviet communism?
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1. Restructuring produced a free-trade market system. 2. Openness gave the people an opportunity to express their desire to abolish communism.
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What was the powerful labor union in Poland that opposed the Polish communist government and secured the election of Poland's 1st non-communist leader since WWII?
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Solidarity
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Who was the 1st non-communist prime minister in Poland since 1945?
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Lech Walesa
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What happened in 1989 that united West & East Berlin?
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the fall of the Berlin Wall
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Who led the opposition to Gorbachev and attempted coup in 1991 to overthrow Gorbachev?
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Boris Yeltsin
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What was the organization of former countries of the USSR (Soviet Union)?
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CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)
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What was Mao's plan to modernize China's industry & agriculture that wrecked the steel industry & caused famine?
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China's Great Leap Forward
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What had the purpose of renewing the zeal of the Chinese revolution but caused civil chaos & economic decline?
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China's Cultural Revolution
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What is the plaza in Beijing, China, that was the site of a deadly confrontation between the Chinese army and college age demonstrators?
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Tiananmen Square
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What was President Johnson's plan in the 1960s to eliminate poverty in the U.S. that was called a "war on poverty"?
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Great Society
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In the 1960s, the American society was marked by what?
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generational division
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What movement centered on equal rights for black citizens and issues like school desegregation?
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civil rights movement
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Who was the most visible spokesman for the civil rights movement?
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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What inland waterway fostered economic growth between Canada & U.S.?
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St. Lawrence Seaway
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Who was Canada's prime minister that was a Liberal Party member?
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Pierre Trudeau
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Who was Canada's prime minister that had strong ties with Reagan and was a member of the Conservative Party?
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Brian Mulroney
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Who was Mexico's president that helped increase Mexico's economic growth?
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Carlos Salinas
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What lowered tariffs between the U.S., Canada, & Mexico?
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
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Who were disgruntled farmers in Mexico who revolted and were led by a mysterious figure who called himself "Subcomandante Marcos"?
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Zapatistas
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Who was the chancellor of West Germany that led the country to great economic prosperity and power?
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Konrad Adenauer
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Who was the president of post-war France?
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Charles de Gaulle
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What was the French government that was established by Charles de Gaulle and had a constitution that provided for a strong president?
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Fifth Republic
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Who was the prime minister of Great Britain that was called the iron lady of British conservatism?
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Margaret Thatcher
