Chapter 18: The Monarchs of Europe – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
(1516 - 1556) 1519, bought votes to become Holy Roman Emperor. Treaty of Augsburg. Grandson of Isabella & Ferdinand.
answer
Charles V
question
Son of Charles V. Ruled Netherlands, Spain, Sicily, & Spain's colonies in America. Devout Catholic & "leader" of counter-Reformation; wanted to restore unity in Catholic Church. wanted to centralize power. Dutch independence (1566). Golden Century. Inquisition.
answer
Philip II
question
(1550 - 1650) Spanish golden age of artistic achievements.
answer
Golden Century
question
Works were religious & reflected Spain's central role in counter-Reformation. Famous for elongated figures.
answer
El Greco
question
A court painter whose paintings portrayed people of all social classes w/ great dignity.
answer
Diego Velazquez
question
A writer who is famous for Don Quixote de la Mancha (a story about a man caught b/w medieval & modern worlds).
answer
Miguel de Cervantes
question
A nun who wrote poetries, prose, & plays. Believed women had the right to have education.
answer
Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz
question
What brought Spain to power?
answer
A steady stream of gold & silver from American colonies.
question
A court that tortured & executed 1000s of people suspected of being rebels during the reign of Philip II.
answer
Court of Blood
question
English ship captains allowed to attack Spanish treasure ships & take their treasure under Queen Elizabeth I (i.e. Sir Francis Drake).
answer
sea dogs
question
A great fleet assembled by Spain in 1588 for an invasion of England. Was called invincible, but were destroyed by English.
answer
Spanish Armada
question
① Gov't actions came to a standstill, ② bankruptcy from $ spent on warfare, ③ America's gold&silver caused inflation, but _____ didn't develop industries and lagged behind. (THESE ARE CAUSES OF _______)
answer
Spain's decline
question
French Calvinist Protestant
answer
Huguenot
question
Assassin of nobles who were in Paris for the wedding of Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
answer
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
question
(1589 - 1610) Huguenot converted to Catholicism to avoid death. Edict of Nantes. Eliminated France's debt, built up surplus; new industries; stimulated trade & encouraged agriculture.
answer
Henry IV
question
(1601 - 1643) King of France from 1610 - 1643. Had a trusted adviser/chief minister. (Participated in/caused) Thirty Years' War.
answer
Louis XIII
question
Chief minister and most trusted adviser of Louis XIII. Wanted to strengthen monarchy & bring Huguenots down. La Rochelle sided w/English → starved them and forced them to surrender. Directed foreign policy.
answer
Cardinal Richelieu
question
(1643 - 1697) Sun King. Best example of absolute monarch. Built Palace @ Versailles. Reorganized army; spent $ on navy (→ debt). Evoked Edict of Nantes. "L'Etat c'est moi." Nobles' status ↓ and their (encouraged) expensive lifestyle made them poor, so nobles had to rely on ____(this king).
answer
Louis XIV
question
Chief minister succeeding Cardinal Richelieu
answer
Cardinal Mazarin
question
Saved treasury (after Louis' demand for grand lifestyle) primarily by limiting imports & increasing exports. Simplified tax system. Reduced gov't debt.
answer
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
question
(1701 - 1713) Most costly of wars. Fought over Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son, and fought against Dutch, English, Holy Roman Empire.
answer
War of the Spanish Succession
question
1713, ended War of the Spanish Succession. Throne went to Louis' grandson, but France & Spain would never be ruled by the same monarch. Louis also gave up territories he took.
answer
Treaty of Ultrecht
question
Doctrine saying monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged.
answer
divine right
question
1555, gave German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant.
answer
Treaty of Augsburg
question
1598, gave Huguenots limited freedom of worship (i.e. to hold office & rule 200 towns where they were already in the majority). Represented clear break in conformity of the past (not forced to follow monarch's religion).
answer
Edict of Nantes
question
(Reign 1509 - 1547) Created Protestant Church of England. Had Parliament pass laws ending pope's power in England. 2nd of Tudor Dynasty.
answer
Henry VIII
question
1534, named King as head of the Church of England
answer
Act of Supremacy
question
Succeeded Edward, briefly made England Catholic again. Died 1558.
answer
Mary I ("Bloody Mary")
question
Returned England to Anglican (English Protestant). Parliament helped by passing laws favoring Protestantism. Refused to marry. 5th & last of Tudors.
answer
Elizabeth I
question
1st of Stuart dynasty to rule England. Believed in divine right+absolute monarchy. From Scotland (considered outsider). Didn't get along with Parliament.
answer
James I
question
A group of strict Calvinists. Wanted to "purify" English Church's Catholic ways.
answer
Puritans
question
(1600-1649) King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 - 1649; conflict with Parliament started the English Civil War. Beheaded in 1649. Youngest son of James.
answer
Charles I
question
Charles signed this to get Parliament to fund him. Limited King's power (i.e. King can't levy taxes w/o Parliament's approval).
answer
Petition of Right
question
Reconvened session of Parliament. Worked on limiting King's powers more.
answer
Long Parliament
question
Supporters of a monarch (Charles I)
answer
Royalists
question
Consisted of Puritans, merchants, and some nobles. Supported Parliament.
answer
Roundheads
question
Lord Protector of England; 1642, led Parliament's forces; became ruler of England 1653. Outlawed monarchy.
answer
Oliver Cromwell
question
Republican gov't based on the common good of all the people.
answer
commonwealth
question
Royalist who fled to France during Cromwell's rule. Wrote Leviathan (described humans as being naturally selfish+fearful; people needed an all powerful monarch to tell them how to live).
answer
Thomas Hobbes
question
the period of the reign of Charles II in England when the monarchy was restored after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government; there was also a rebirth of English culture during this time
answer
Restoration
question
Son of Charles I. Invited by Parliament to become King. Supported religious toleration. Reopened theaters.
answer
Charles II
question
1679, guaranteed that someone accused of crime had the right to appear in court to determine if the accused should be held or released.
answer
Habeas Corpus Act
question
King and Queen of England invited by Parliament to replace James (Glorious Revolution). Only joint ruler of England. Queen is James' daughter.
answer
William and Mary
question
William and Mary signed this before taking the throne. Prevented them from taxing w/o consent of Parliament. Was central to England's growth as a constitutional monarchy.
answer
English Bill of Rights
question
wealthy Russian landowners
answer
boyars
question
"caesar"; title taken by the ruler of Russia
answer
czar
question
(1530-1584) Grand duke of Russia; 1st Russian ruler w/ title of czar; also known as ____ the Terrible. Created general council. promoted officers based on merit. new legal code. expanded Russia. Instituted a campaign of terror against disfavored boyars. Killed his own son.
answer
Ivan IV
question
(1581 - 1613) Period of chaos caused by uncertainty of succession, economic problems, and foreign invasions.
answer
Time of Troubles
question
Crowned czar in 1682. Called "___ the Great" for efforts to transform Russia into a modern state. Westernized Russia. Gained access to Baltic sea ports. Founded St. Petersburg.
answer
Peter I
question
military corps that also had political influence
answer
streltsy
question
(1762 - 1796) German princess; married Peter III. Czarina known as "____ the Great." Succeeded Peter the Great's westernization efforts. Reformed legal & educational systems, removed restrictions on trade, and promoted science & arts. Failed rebellion under her. Expanded to warmer regions (Black Sea). Conflict w/ Ottoman.
answer
Catherine II
question
Claimed he was the deceased Peter III and caused a (failed) rebellion within Russia.
answer
Yemelyan Pugachev
question
War launched by one of the Hapsburgs' attempt to exert his authority.
answer
Thirty Years' War
question
(1648) Ended Thirty Years' War. Extended religious toleration to both Catholics & Protestants. Reduced power of Holy Roman Emperor, and strengthened rulers of states within.
answer
Treaty of Westphalia
question
Signed by Charles VI before death, allowing female heirs.
answer
Pragmatic Sanction
question
(1717-1780) Daughter of Charles VI. Austrian archduchess, queen of Bohemia and Hungary 1740 - 1780; took the throne after the War of the Austrian Succession. one of most beloved monarchs in the history of Austria.
answer
Maria Theresa
question
(1712-1786) King of Prussia 1740 - 1786; through victories in a series of wars with Austria, Prussia's main rival for dominance among the German states, made Prussia a major European power in the late 1700s.
answer
Frederick II (the Great)
question
(1618 - 1648ish) Holy Roman Emperor. Tried to restore Catholic Church. Conflict w/ Louis XIV. Agreed to Treaty of Westphalia.
answer
Ferdinand II
question
(1520 - 1566) Tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of Ottoman Empire. Was tolerant of other religions → Europeans fled to him.
answer
Suleiman
question
gov't in which citizens participate directly rather than through representatives (e.g. Athens, Town Meetings)
answer
direct democracy
question
a Republic gov't in which citizens who have the right to vote chooses their leaders (e.g. USA)
answer
representative democracy
question
King/Queen (monarch) has restrictions
answer
limited monarchy
question
constitution limits the monarchs
answer
constitutional monarchy
question
Parliament creates limits on monarchs (usually constitution)
answer
parliamentary monarchy
question
monarch's powers are not limited
answer
absolute monarchy
question
gov't where one ruler has absolute power
answer
dictatorship autocracy
question
form of gov't in which the ruling power belongs to a few persons
answer
oligarchy
question
form of gov't in which "priests" serve as "kings"; gov't by religion
answer
theocracy
question
complete absence of gov't
answer
anarchy
question
"Increase in population, famine & plagues, inflation, religious wars b/w Catholics & Protestants, witch-craft craze, and people wanting law & order" were all reasons why...
answer
absolute monarchy emerged in Europe
