world his chp. 9 and 10 – Flashcards
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Which geographic feature covers most of southern Europe
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rivers
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which element of european geography contributed to the developement of feudalism
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threats by other nations and the fedual contract
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many medieval towns were built near what geographic feature
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rivers and waterways
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who were the two groups that were most important in spreading christianity
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Roman Catholic Church and monks
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how were monks and missionaries similar
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monks were men who separate themselves from ordinary society to dedicate himself to G-d. Missionaries were people who were sent out to carry a religious message. Both Monks and missionaries, were Christians who supported the religion and wanted to convert and spread Christianity.
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what did knights recieve in exchange for their pledge of loyalty to a lord
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a piece if land
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what was the most important duty a vassal had to his lord
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to fight and protect him
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during the middle ages power in europe shifted from nobles to
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kings and popes
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how did the holy roman emperors come into power
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.If they protected the pope, then they would be crowned. Otto 1 was the first German emperor to protect the pope and then be crowned
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why did a split in the Christian Church start in the 1000's
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western Europe refused to accept the popes authority
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Charlemagne
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known as charles the great. he was determined and decisice man who was highly intelligent and curious. he was a feirce warrior and a strong statesmen.
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Chivalry
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the idea of a civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics.
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serf
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a peasant who owned nothing and paid for everything they used. They worked for a lord in a manor. They could be free if they ran away and never went back to the lord's manor.
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monks
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- people who separated themselves from ordinary society to dedicate themselves to God.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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strong women who married king Henry II.
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Feudalism-
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the political and social class that formed after the Carolingian empire weakened. There were 3 classes. 1. Knights and barons 2. Prayers (clergy) 3. Peasants and serfs
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Manor
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a lord's estate which included a house and land. This provided housing and protection for the lord's serfs.
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Vassal-
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a man who was a lord's servant in a military way.
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excommunicate
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to kick out of church
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religous order
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new orders. Franciscans and Dominicans. Franciscans were popular, helped poor, and took parts of European world. Dominicans- defended Church teachings and were spiritual. Spread in france.
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crusades
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There was four crusades; they were a series of wars to try to regain the holy land from the Muslims. Crusades = holy war.
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heresy
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a crime against God and humanity.
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thomas aquinas
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reconciled Aristotles works. Believed that reason from faith and truth were true but two separate things
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magna carta
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the "great charter" which recognized the idea of rights and obligations. King John was forced to sign by English nobles.
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spanish inquistion
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a court or "holy office" created the deal with heretics.
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holy land
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- it was Jerusalem, Muslims ruled over and European Christians tried to conquer it during the 4 crusade wars.
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saladin
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he was a ruler who was involved in the third crusade war. in the thrid crusade jerusalem fell to the muslium forces under this ruler.
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friars
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wondering monks that worked in cities with the poor and needy.
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Why did the Byzantines distrust western Christians after the Crusades?
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because pope innocent the III became involved in fight over the byzantine throne
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How did Christianity shape art and education in the Middle Ages?
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Because it was the basis. Their inventions and architecture became a way of life and in the middle ages it was too.
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Medieval paintings often told the story of Christ's life. What does this suggest about people at that time?
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That they expressed stories through their paintings.
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What did Saint Thomas Aquinas argue?
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There are truths that come from reason and faith. He is arguing that these two don't go together and exist separately. Reasons govern the real world and not spiritual world
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Why did nobles make King John sign Magna Carta in 1215?
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Tax increases, he took crops and land, he took their daughters, and they feared his continuing power. they hated him they wanted to be able to have rights
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King Henry II's reforms weakened the power of _______________.
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church
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What started the Hundred Years' War?
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England held one small territory in France known as the duchy of Gascony. King Phillip VI seized this territory so King Edward, king of England declared war on him
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What technological advantage helped the English win many early battles of the Hundred Years' War?
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long bows arrows spears
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How did Pope Innocent III cause a 20-year war in France?
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He used a form of interdictions and made everybody follow his rules.
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Whose rule in Spain ended in 1002?
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the moors
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What was the significance of the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand?
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It unified Spain because they were from 2 different kingdoms. Isabella was from Castile and Ferdinand was from Aragon.
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What were the results of the Reconquista?
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it Kicked out all the Jews, forced Muslims to convert to Catholicism. The result was Spain became Catholic
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Before the Reconquista, most of the Iberian Peninsula was controlled by _____________.
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musliums
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Which Germanic tribes controlled Italy, Spain, Britain, and France by the sixth century?
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visigoths ostrogoths anoles saxons franks
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How was the Christian church organized by the fourth century?
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priests led local christian communities called paishes. a group of parishes were led by a bishop. a bishop was the leader of the roman catholic church. later bishops were viewed as peters suscuessors then the became known as popes.
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What were some of Charlemagne's achievements as emperor?
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Expanded Frankish empire and created Carolingian empire. Most powerful Christian ruler. Promoted learning.
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What peoples invaded Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries?
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vikings magyars muslims
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Why did men choose to become vassals?
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So they could get some of the lord's land
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What kinds of behavior did the code of chivalry expect from knights?
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Defend the church and defenseless people, treat captives as guests, fight for glory not rewards, and to treat women with respect
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What two cultures merged to form a new English culture?
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Normans who spoke French and the Anglo-Saxons
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What were the three estates in France?
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1st estate- clergy(church people) 2nd- nobles. 3rd- townspeople
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What was the origin of the name Holy Roman Empire?
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frederick I considered Italy the center of "holy empire" therefore he named it Holy Roman Empire
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In what way did the eastern and southern Slavs take a different path from the western Slavs?
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Western slaves were Catholic
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What is the origin of the name Russia?
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-Russia used to be called Rus. -eastern slavic people settled in russia. -In the 8th century vikings came to conqure russia.the vikings moved into the slavic people's lands insearch for trade routes. -the slavic people called viking rulers "the rus", this is were russia comes from
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what were Justinian's main accomplishments?
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Created some of the Western Roman Empire, built churches, built Haigha Sophia, and invented the Justinian's code
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How did the emperor of the Byzantine Empire control the church as well as the state?
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He had a partiarch of Constantinople
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Why did Constantinople become a major center of trade?
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It was the center of everything. it was near rivers and other cities.It also had trade routes.
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What event started the schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church?
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The pope and king excommunicated eachother because they had a dispute with papal authority. The Pope believed he had complete power and the king disagreed
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What are some of the reasons that Europeans took part in the Crusades?
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to protect their land
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How did the use of the carruca lead to the growth of farming villages
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Because in order to pull the carruca six or eight oxen were needed to pull it put and they were very slow. they invented a horse collar and the horseshoe which made it possible for a bunch of horses to pull the Carruca faster and plow more land so farms grew
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How were serfs different from slaves?
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Serfs worked for lords on a manor which was an estate. They worked for the lord and paid for everything. Slaves didn't have to work on an estate, they didn't have to pay for everything they touched, and they could work for other people. Serfs and slaves were very similar and they had few rights.
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What events gave peasants a break from their work?
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Christmas, Easter, and Pentecost (holidays) and some feast days
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What two areas in Europe were major trading centers during the Middle Ages?
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venice and flanders
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What rights were townspeople willing to buy from lords and kings?
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Unique laws to have the freedom to trade
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Why were medieval towns so crowded?
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Because they were surrounded by stone walls which were expensive to build so the space was tightly filled. Also, many people lived their and the hygenine was bad.
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What process did a person follow to learn a trade and join a guild?
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First they had to be an apprentice which they observed and practiced their skill. Then they became a journeymen which was a skilled apprentice and they were skilled at a craft but not yet a master. After a journeymen, to become a master they had to produce a masterpiece for the master. Guilds and the master judged if they could become a master
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How were popes able to force rulers to do what they wanted
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Because they claimed supremecy over the people. They also had control of the Papal states which kept them involved and they had control in political matters
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How did the Church deal with heretics during the Middle Ages
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the created and inquisition
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Why was the clergy so important in the lives of medieval people?
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...
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What was the most highly regarded subject at medieval universities?
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theology
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scholasticism
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learning of faith and reason
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What is vernacular literature
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the lanugage of everyday speech
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How were Gothic cathedrals different from Romanesque cathedrals
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Gothic cathedrals had ribbed vaults and they were high. They wanted to look like it was going upward to God. Romanesque styles had round barrel vaults and massive pillars.
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how did medievial people explain the black death
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They said it was a punishment from god because of their sins or it was because of the devil.
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How did the Great Schism damage the Catholic Church's spiritual authority
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The Great Schism divided Europe in half, it damaged the people's faith in the Church's spiritual authorities because both sides were saying that "the other opposite Christ." It created an denials and tension
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How did Joan of Arc affect the outcome of the Hundred Years' War
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the french were hoeless until she came along. Joan of Arc persuaded Charles to allow her to accompany a French army to Orleans. from this the french turned confeident won the war and conqured orleans
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Which European countries established strong centralized monarchies during the late Middle Ages?
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france england spain
