Unit 4 Review (AP WH) – Flashcards
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China's economic expansion in the 1400 and 1500's resulted from what?
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Internal trade
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What motivated Europeans to find new routes to Asia?
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Bypass Muslim lands, desire for Asian goods, silver, conquest of Constantinople, rise of Ottoman → trade revitalized
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What was China's major import in the 1500 and 1600's? Why?
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Silver; was used as currency
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What led to the success of early Portuguese maritime expansion?
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Navigation school, compass, Arabs/Muslim knowledge
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What was the goal in the Indian Ocean for the Portuguese?
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Money, economic gain
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What is an encomienda?
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A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area
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What was the greatest factor in the Spanish conquering the Aztecs and Incas?
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Disease
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With the introducction of new American food crops to Afro-Eurasia this would lead to?
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Population growth
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What percentage of the Native American population was wiped out to diesases?
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90%
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What is ecological imperialism?
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Spanish planting sugar elsewhere
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Where did the bulk of silver come from in the Americas?
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Andes, Mesoamerica
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Who was included in the Atlantic trade System? How did Europe contribute to this trade?
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Europe, Africa, America's; Technology, guns
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Besides silver, what product emerged as the most valuable export from the Americas?
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Sugar
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What did slaves endure on Brazilian sugar plantations?
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Slave labor, torture, 3 year lifespan
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What led to the growth of nationalism in Europe in connection to the Protestant Reformation?
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Religions of their countires
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The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation with?
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Catholic counter reformation
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During the 1500's how did the Dutch, French, and English acquire wealth in the New World?
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Plundered/Pirated Spanish
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What leader of the Mughal Empire expanded power of much of the Indian subcontinent?
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Akbar
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During the 1500's the Mughal rulers increased local and global commerce which lead to?
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Expansion of trade to more wealth/revenue
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What sources of wealth was found by European colonizers in the Americas?
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Silver and Gold, Suger, Cotton, Tobacco, indigo and rice, fur
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What is mercantilism? What did Mercantilist thinkers believe the purpose of colonies was for?
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The economic system in which the world had a fixed amount of wealth, which meant one country's wealth came at the expense of another's. Mercantilism assumed the colonies existed for the sole purpose of enriching the country that controlled the colony
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What were some consequences of increasing wealth among European states?
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Could wage unceasing wars against one another, desire for more wealth → conflict
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How did the initial relationship between the French colonists and the Native Americans look?
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Saw them as parters and assimilated into their way of life
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How did the English colonial model differ in the New World compared to other European States?
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Colonies had land suitable for many different crops, but as pop. grows, need more land → sour relations between native Americans
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Who primarily benefited from the Atlantic trade system?
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Europe
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What African social group did the slave trade help shift wealth to?
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Asante or Oyo
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How did 1500 and 1600's Europeans change Southeast Asian social structures?
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Set up chartered companies and secure trade monopolies and by making local societies serve their own ambitions and began replacing traditional networks with trade routes that primarily served European interests
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The 1600's saw a rise in global commerce in the Ming and Mughal Empires, but this also led to what?
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Internal conflict - Peasants/Merchants becoming super rich, weakened central authority
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Who was the French king accountable to under the model of absolutism?
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Louis XIV
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During the 1600 and 1700's political writers from France and England focused on what important topic?
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Politics, law, rights
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Who emerged as the world's strongest colonial power after the Seven years' War?
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Britain
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How did Islamic and Chinese rulers respond to the new ideas introduced by Europe between 1500-1700's?
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Accepted them and were eager to patronize the arts
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How did Europe's cultural exchanges differ from the America's and the Pacific to China and the Islamic world?
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Native american and European often exchanged ideas and practices but the transfers were not equal, NA were under pressure of Europeans and only European culture spread
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How did the Islamic world change from 1500 to 1780 in relation to is pattern of cultural development?
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Gained greater expanses of territory, new resources to fund more such pursuits, schools, building projects, books, artwork, which was connected to political life ie empire building
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What made up the Safavid culture?
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A commitment to Shiism Loyalty to the Safavid family Powerful religious institutions Miniature paintings, tile mosaics, and calligraphy
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What were the most popular books published in China during the 17th and 18th century?
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Study aids for civil service examination, anthologies of women's poetry, confucian texts
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How did China escape religious warfare during the Ming and Qing periods?
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Chinese religion believed in a cosmic unity and Emperors promoted religious tolerance
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Why did the Chinese devote their attention to the science of astronomy?
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Chinese believed that the empire's stability depended on correct calculation of dates for planting, holding festivities, scheduling mourning periods, and convening judicial court sessions
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What region of the world during the 17th and 18th century saw the emergence of thinkers who believed their understanding of knowledge was universal and objective? What did the European Enlightenment thinkers hold in common?
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Europe; wanted to know the world in new ways, sought universal and objective knowledge that would not reflect any particular religion, political view, class or gender
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Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted that?
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Real science entailed the formulation of hypotheses that could be tested in carefully controlled experiments
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What did Enlightenment thinkers have in common with authors who wrote about sex and corruption?
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Used satire as a way to mock authority figures
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What did Adam Smith claim with his universal "laws" of human behavior?
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Laissez-faire - the concept that the economy works best when it is left alone---that is, when the state does not regulate or interfere with the workings of the market
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How did the European missionaries differ from the Americas to East Asia?
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Europeans forced their cultures in the Americas, especially their religion through military force
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What best describes Native Americans conversion to Christianity during the 17th and 18th centuries?
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Destruction of sacred items and places of worship, demonizing local gods, subvert indigenous spiritual leaders ect
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What roles did Europeans who adopted Native American cultures play in New World societies?
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Intermediaries for diplomatic arrangements and economic exchanges
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What did Captain Cook encounter when he first arrived in Australia?
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The Aborigines
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How did Cook's voyages to Australia reflect the ideas of Enlightenment?
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Scientific discovery
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What were the plans of the British for colonizing Australia?
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Create a prison colony, exploit Australia's timber and flax and to use it as a strategic base against Dutch and French expansion
