History Test.2 – Flashcards
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Conquistadors
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Spanish conquerors
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Hernan Cortès
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Spaniard who conquered Tenochtitlán
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Moctezuma
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Aztec emperor defeated by the Spanish
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Francisco Pizarro
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Conqueror who overtook the Incas in Peru
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Atahualpa
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Incan leader who was killed by the Spanish
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Conquistadors were attracted to the Americas by _____.
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stories of riches and religious zeal
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in the struggle between Pizarro and Atahualpa, _____ was victorious.
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Pizarra
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In the area of ___, the spanish had a definite advantage over the Indians.
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military technology
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the spanish played on ___ between the indians to make allies and conquer the Americas.
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division and discontent
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the indians began to believe that their gods had deserted them partly because ___.
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the spanish seemed immune to the diseases that devastated the indians.
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the ___ made is easier to sail into the wind.
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caravel
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the ___ helped sailors determine their latitude.
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astrolabe
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a person who makes maps is called a ___.
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cartographer
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why did europeans want to find a new trading route to asia.
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they wanted to cut out muslim and italian middlemen.
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why was the astrolabe helpful to sailors?
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it helped them determine their latitude.
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who led the portuguese in exploring Africa?
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prince henry
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who was the first explorer to round the southern tip of africa?
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bartholomeu dias
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for which two countries was the line of demarcation established?
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spain and portugal
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what were the magellen and his crew on their voyage?
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a sea route through america to the indies
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what best describes enlightenment philosophers?
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they wanted to reform society and used their writings to spread their message
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what is part of deism
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belief in God, rejection of organized, reason can outweigh
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what is not part of deism
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atheism or rejection of a God
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salons were one area of 18th century life that ___ controlled.
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women
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in the west, enlightenment principles have led to ___.
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universal suffrage(full voting for men and women)
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the principles of checks and balances and separation of powers were put forward by who
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Baron de Montesquieu
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who wrote that "almighty God hath created the mind free"
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thomas jefferson
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philosopher who believed that people were basically good
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jean-jacques rousseau
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philosopher that supported the natural rights of man
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john locke
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believed in the free market economy and wrote the wealth of nations
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adam smith
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who expressed his approval for free speech. defended freedom of speech
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voltaire
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who proposed the idea that people entered into a social contract within society.
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thomas hobbes
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artistic technique that creates a three-dimensional appearance
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perspective
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gov. run by church officials
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theocracy
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wealthy merchant and patron of the art
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Lorenzo de' Medici
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studied the human anatomy to creat more realistic portraits. italian painter and inventor
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Lorenardo da Vinci
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complete edition of the bible was first printed using his printing press
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johann gutenberg
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proposed theory that the earth is at the center of the universe
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ptolemy
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believed it it better for leaders to be feared than loved but never hated. wrote the "prince"
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niccolo machiavelli
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king who established the church of england
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henry viii
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centered around the sun
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heliocentric
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religious reformer who believed in predestination
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john calvin
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the idea that God determined long ago who would achieve salvation
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predestination
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a lessening of punishment for sins
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indulgence
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opposed the catholic church's selling of indulgences. religious reformer who believed that salvation is achieved by faith alone
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martin luther
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developed the "three laws" of motion
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sir issac newton
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to give up one's views
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recant
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sculpted the david and painted the sistine chapel
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michelangelo
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proposed the theory of heliocentrism
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nicolaus copernicus
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the "father of science"
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galileo galillei
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intellectual movement that focused on wordly subjects rather than on religious issues
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humanism
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painter who brought the italian renaissance to Germany
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albrecht durer
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luther criticized the roman catholic church for___?
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selling indulgences
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how did Johann Gutenberg's invention, the printing press, affect europe in the late 1400s and 1500s?
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more people learned to read, and they gained access to a broad range of knowledge
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the development of printing in europe led to __
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increased literacy
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what contributed to the birth of the renaissance in italy?
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a wealthy and powerful merchant class
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why is albert dürer often compared to leonardo da vinci?
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he had wide-ranging interests
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what was an effect of the printing revolution in the 1500s?
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the spread of new ideas
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what is the correct order of succession following king henry viii's death?
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king edward vi, queen mary I, queen elizabeth I
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how did the scientific method change science and research in the early 1600s?
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it created a step-by-step process used to confirm findings and prove or disprove a hypothesis
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luther believed that ___?
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salvation could be achieved through faith alone
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what best explains why the renaissance occurred in northern europe later than it did in italy?
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the black death delayed eonomic growth in northern europe
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how did henry VIII react when the pope refused to annul his marriage?
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he took over the english church
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humanism involved what
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the spread of judaism
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what describes the renaissance?
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it was a time of creativiy, political ,social,economic, and cultural change
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what was a result of the catholic reformation
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witch hunts
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in the 1530s and 1540s, pope paul III became the leader of the catholic reformation. what was one of his main objectives during the reform movement?
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to revive the moral authority of the church
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the artists of the renaissance focused on...
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humanistic concerns
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where did the english build their first permanent colony in north america?
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jamestown
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which group came to north america in search of religious freedom
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pilgrims
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what set out guidelines for governing the pilgrims colony?
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mayflower compact
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what was the seven years war called in the english colonies?
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french and indian war
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what ended the french and indian war
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treaty of paris of 1763
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the natural resource that the french profited from most in new france was__?
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furs
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at first, the jamestown colony nearly failed, but it finally stabilized when the settlers began exporting
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tobacco
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in north america, power struggles between france and britain resulted in what?
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french and indian war
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as part of the terms of the treaty of paris of 1763, france was forced to give up
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canada
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the most dramatic effect of european settlers on native americans was
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disease
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economic cycle in which prices rise is called
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inflation
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the investment of money to make a profit is called
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capitalism
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a enterprising merchant is called
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entrepreneur
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the arrangement that allowed people to pool large amounts of capital for overseas ventures
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joint stock company
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new economic policy aimed at strengthening european monarchies
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mercantilism
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tax on imported goods
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tariff
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what was one cause of european inflation
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increased supplies of goods
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what was one effect that new food crops from the americas had on world population?
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it increased
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why did enterprising capitalists devise the putting out system of production?
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they wanted to control the manufacture of goods
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how were european peasants affected by europes growing involvement with the world?
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they were largely unaffected
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renaissance art reflected the secular (worldly) interest in
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individual achievement
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renaissance means
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rebirth
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what contributed to the birth of the renaissance in italy
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a wealthy and powerful merchant class
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the prince is about
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political leadership and power
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how did the printing press affect europe
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more people learned to read and write
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in their effort to achieve realism, renaissance painters and sculptors gave great attention to ___?
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human anatomy
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what was an effect of the printing revolution in the 1500's
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the spread of new ideas
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the artists of the renaissance focused on
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the universe
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what is part of the intellectual basis of the renaissance
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celebration of humanity, revival of antiquity, individualism
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renaissance architects favored what?
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greek and roman styles
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which statements correctly describes the renaissance?
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it was a time of creativity and political, social, economic, and cultural change
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how did johann gutenberg's invention, the printing press, affect europe in the late 1400s and 1500s?
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more people learned to read, and they gained access to a broad range of knowledge.
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Lassez Faire
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Policy in which business is allowed to operate with little or no government
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Social Contract
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Agreement by which people give up the state of nature for an organized society
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Natural Rights
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Rights that belong to all humans from birth
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Philosophe
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Enlightenment thinkers who applied the methods of science improve society
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Physiocrates
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Enlightenment thinkers who looked for natural laws to define a rational economic
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Most radical idea expressed by women was that women
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were not inferior to men
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who tried to show that natural economic forces of supply and demand were linked to profit and economic growth
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Adam Smith
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Monarchs who used their powers to bring about social & political changes
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enlighten deposits
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who made Reforms that were directed mainly at making the Prussian government more efficient
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fredrick the great
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Government and church officials fought against Enlightenment ideas
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with censorship
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Salons were one area of eighteenth century life that wa controlled by
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women
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Catherine II's contribution to Russia was an
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expanded empire
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The works of Johann Sebastian Bach were
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religious
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His work helped to create a new style of classical composition
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Mozart
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What was disappearing in the West but becoming more rooted in Russia
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serfdom
