The Spread of Islam – Flashcards
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Shade in areas of a map; Track dates of Muslim rulers and dynasties from the time of Muhammad to the present day
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What are the 2 ways to map territory of different Muslim political groups or illustrate the expansion of an empire?
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Most people in the region call themselves Muslims, or follow Islam
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What is the minimum for a historians to call a geographic area a "Muslim region," "Muslim society," "Muslim civilization," or even "the Islamic world"?
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When did the majority accept Islam + how quickly? What effect did the gradual or rapid spread of Islam have on language, arts, customs, and politics? How did knowing the people were converting relate to the development of Muslim culture + religion?
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What 3 questions do historians ask about the spread of Islam?
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The people who continued to practice their faith under Muslim rule: J+C+Zoro+Bud+Hin+others
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The social contributions of which people continued under Muslim rule?
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As former majorities became minorities, how were they affected? How did the presence of a large region of Muslims affect adjoining regions where Islam wasn't the majority faith?
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What 2 questions do histories ask about the people who didn't convert?
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C + J communities which were allowed to keep practicing their faiths
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All inhabitants of Arabia accepted Islam except what two communities?
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The successors of the Prophet as leaders of the Muslim community
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Who were the khalifas?
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Encourage the conversion to Islam among the newly conquered areas
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What didn't the khalifas do as Muslim rule extended to regions beyond the Arabian tribal system?
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632 to 750; non-Arabs began to convert
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What are the years of the early caliphate and what happened during this time?
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Among the lowest classes of people
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Where did conversion to Islam begin?
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To look for jobs; to offer their services to the ruling group
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Why did men and women migrate to Muslim garrison cities?
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Learning about Islam in centers, converting, and expanding the Muslim population
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How did the migrants become the mawali of Arab tribes?
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Turning migrants into the mawali (or associates) of Arab tribes
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What is a traditional method of integrating outsiders for Arab tribes?
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Scholars of islamic law, history, literature, and the sciences
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What did the mawali become?
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Migrants came to Muslim garrison towns, learned about Islam, converted, and became scholars.
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How did Islam spread in spite of the policies of political rulers?
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661 to 750
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What are the years of the UE?
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Morocco to Inner Eurasia
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Where did the UE stretch from
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Practice Islam
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What did the majority of the non-Arab populations of the UE not do?
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-North African Berbers -Spread of Islam among Iranians and other Persians
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What are the two major Islamic movements during the UE?
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North African Berbers
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During the end of the UE, what was the first major non-Arab group to accept Islam?
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Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco
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What is modern day North Africa?
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Disappearance of Christianity (even though some groups persisted in many other Muslim regions)
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What happened after the introduction of Islam to North Africa after a few centuries?
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Muslim Spain
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Where did a majority of the minority Jewish population live?
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Spread of Islam among Iranians and other Persians
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What was the second major movement during the UE?
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720
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When did the spread of Islam in Iran begin?
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They broke up the political unity of Islam by setting up a independent caliphate
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How did the NA Berbers cause problems for the central govt?
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They replaced the UE with the Abbasid Dynasty in 750 even though only a small part of Iraq had accepted Islam
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How did the Persians cause problems for the central govt?
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Ancient Mesopotamia; centered on the Tigris-Euphrates valley
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Where is Iraq?
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-Islam was no longer the religion of a single ethnic or ruling group -Rates of conversion climbed more rapidly in lands under Muslim rule
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After the Berbers set up their caliphate and the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads, what 2 things happened?
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Expansion of Muslim rule + spread of Islam are not the same thing Islam spread most widely + rapidly among populations (non-Muslims) when Muslim rule was weaker + less unified Influence by Traders and Sufis + Muslim scholars, lawyers, and artisans in cities aided spread of Islam to new areas Ottoman Empire (SE Europe), Sultanate of Delhi, and Mogul Empire of India had little success in spreading Islam (but did gain territory) Non-Muslim populations saw the rulers negatively (powerful, tax-gatherers) so they resisted Islamic conversion People who did convert usually did because of material gain, or b/c efforts of merchants, teachers, and traveling Sufi preachers (not part of govt)
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Strong Governments and the Spread of Islam
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Conquered in 642. 700- few Muslims 900- 50% Muslim 1200- more than 90%
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Describe the conversion of Egypt.
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600 years after the arrival of Islam: 50% Muslim in 1200
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Syria
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Muslim majority in 900
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Iraq and Iran
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Egpyt in 900
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Like what country did Iraq and Iran reach a Muslim majority and in what year?
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Islam established 500 years following initial conquests of 711
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Spain and Portugal
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Spain, Portugal, Sicily
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Where did Islam never become a majority faith?
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Spanish Catholic army conquest in 1492 expelled many M + J or they converted to Christianity.
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Why did Islam not become a majority faith on the Iberian Peninsula?
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until after 1600
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Until what time did Islam exist in Spain and Portugal?
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9th century
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When did Muslims conquer Sicily?
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Persia, Inner Eurasia, and India
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What 3 countries did Muslim law treat Zoros, Buddhists, and Hindus just as Christians and Jews?
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Protection of life, property, and freedom of religious practice in exchange for payment of a tax or military service
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What 3 things did Muslim law offer to people of other faiths in P, IE, and I?
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8th and 9th century
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When did the Buddhist population in Sind embrace Islam?
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Sind (Northwestern India)
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Where did Buddhism completely disappear from and Hinduism mostly disappear from?
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Islam gradually spread to lands outside the boundaries of Muslim rule.
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What happened to the spread of Islam after the decline of the decline of the unified Muslim empire from about 750?
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After 1071; Anatolia (Asia Minor)
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Which country came under the rule of Turkish animal-herding groups that became Muslims and when?
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Albanians, Bosnians, Bulgarians; mid-14th century
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What 3 groups converted to Islam after the Ottoman Turks took control of much of southeastern Europe and when?
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Most of the North to present day Bangladesh
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Beginning in 1192, Muslim Turkish military groups conquered which parts of India?
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After muslim turkish groups conquered parts of India
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When did people in India begin to convert to Islam gradually?
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1300; Buddhists
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When did the people of Bangladesh convert to Islam and from a majority of what religion?
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Punjab and Kashmir (far northwest)
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Where did Hinduism not remain a majoirity religion in India (2 places)?
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merchants and Sufi preachers
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Which two groups spread Islam to South india and sri lanka and southeast Asia?
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mystical Islam
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What type of Islam did sufi preachers follow?
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South india, sri lanka, southeast asia (1300)
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Where did merchants and sufi preachers spread islam?
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great archipelago Indonesia
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Where did islam spread from malaysia to?
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8th century until it became the main religion of all of them
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When did Islam spread to inner eurasia?
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xinjiang in western china; guanzhao in southern china seaport
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Which two places did Islam spread to in china?
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Guanzhao
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Where does the earliest mosque exist in china?
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before 1500
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When did Islam spread widely in sub-saharan africa?
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gao (a commercial center located on the niger river in mali)
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Before 1000, what was the first major town south of the sahara to have a muslim majority?
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1040
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When did muslims in senegal become Muslim?
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The kingdom of mali (13th cen) and the songhai empire (1465-1600)
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From senegal, where did Islam spread?
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after 1100
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When did Kanem-bornu near lake chad become Muslim?
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west africa, india, turkestan, indonesia, southeast asia, sri lanka, south india
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What 7 places did islam spread to by sufi preachers and merchants?
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Muslim scholars, lawyer, teachers, and artisans migrated to build muslim administration and cultural life.
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what happened in muslim converted places in africa after rulers accepted islam?
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judges
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What did african muslim scholars do in major towns like Timbuktu?
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east-west belt south of the sahara
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How was islam established in west africa by 1500?
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19th century
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When did islam become the majority faith in west africa?
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by traders along the coast by the 10th century
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How was islam spread to east africqa?
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14th century
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When were commercial city-states along the coast predominantly muslim?
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14th century; immigration of muslim arab pastoral groups and christian rule became weak in that region
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When did the nubian population in sudan become predominantly muslim and for what 2 reasons?
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Where muslim rule was weaker and less unified
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In what type of regions did islam spread most widely and rapidly?
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Influence by traders and sufis, influence from scholars / lawyers / artisans
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Influence from which 3 groups of people aided in the spread of islam to new areas?
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ottoman empire, sultanate of delhi, and the mogul empire
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Which 3 muslim regimes were successful in gaining land, but not in spread islam?
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They viewed powerful, tax-gathering muslim rulers negatively
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Why did non-muslim populations not convert to islam under muslim rulers?
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due to the efforts of merchants, teachers, and traveling sufi preachers who were not part of the govt
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Why did people convert to islam in regions with muslim rule?
