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Define the post-classical period in Western Europe.

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The period that began with the fall of Rome and lasted until the Renaissance that began in the fifteenth century. It featured recovery from the shock of Rome's collapse and growing interaction with other societies, particularly near the Mediterranean. The Christian faith began prominent and civilization spread northwards, past the boundary of old Rome. Feudal monarchy developed during this time.

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Identify the signs of vitality in western Europe.

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Signs of vitality in the new western European civilizations included the steady growth of population, economic growth, formation of a unique political system (the manor and feudal systems), technological innovation in the form of agricultural technology (three-field system and moldboard), intellectual advancement in the study of religion, and artistic advancement in the form of Gothic style and religious art.

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Define manorialism and feudalism.

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Manorialism was the small-scale system where a self-sustainable manor estate was governed internally. The serfs would give part of the produce they grew to a landlord, who would in turn provide protection, including the administration of justice. Feudalism was the large-scale system that governed a kingdom made up of several manor estates. Knights paid homage to lords who paid homage to the king. The king in turn provided land grants to lords, who divided their land up among their vassal knights.

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Trace the developments in 9th- and 10th-century western Europe that pointed the way to political and economic recovery.

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New tools were invented that greatly increased agricultural productivity (mainly the moldboard plow), spread of a growing new religious ideal, population growth, emergent trade routes and outside contact, and the development of a new political system.

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Describe the political units of western Europe between 1000 and 1400.

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Small Kingdoms were ruled over by a king, who granted out land to his vassal lords (who then granted sections of his land to knights in exchange for their service), who provided military service to the king.

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Identify the link of theology to classical rationalism during the Middle Ages.

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Several philosophers (such as Ibn-Rushd and Peter Abelard) tried to provide a link between these two different areas of study. Monks often advanced the sciences during this period.

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Describe the signs of economic prosperity after 1000.

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The lower class became richer after 1000. Luxuries commonly only seen in court would become commonplace among the peasants.

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Define the political values of the Middle Ages.

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Religion and godliness were valued as the highest qualities, along with chivalry and the code of honor.

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Identify the crises of the later Middle Ages.

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The spread of the Bubonic Plague (black death) throughout Europe, the Investiture Crisis and other struggles between the church and the state, and the apparent flaws appearing in the feudal system.

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800

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Charlemagne is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

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1066

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The Normans invade and conquer England, establishing a strong feudal monarchy.

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1095

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Pope Urban II calls the first Crusade to take the Holy Land of Jerusalem (and Israel) back from the Muslims.

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1215

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Magna Carta is issued by parliament and is signed by King John of England.

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1338

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The Hundred Years War between England and France begins.

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1348

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The Black Death is first spotted in Europe.

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Augustine of Hippo

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The bishop of Hippo Regius whose writings greatly contributed to the formation of the Christian church in western Europe.

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Black Death

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The Bubonic Plague that spread rapidly through Europe and killed almost a third of everyone living there during the middle ages.

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Charles Martel

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"Charles the Hammer", a founder of the Carolingian line, who defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours in 732, keeping the Moorish Muslims contained in Spain and allowing western Europe to foster Christianity.

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Clovis

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A Germanic warrior chieftain who converted to Christianity c. 496. This gave him greater prestige over his pagan rivals and some dominion over the Frankish tribes.

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Cluny

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A monastic compound in France founded by Duke William I of Aquitane in 910. It is known as the birthplace of the Cluniac (or Benedictine) reforms.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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Ferdinand was King of Aragon and Isabella was Queen of Castille. They were married in 1469, uniting the Kingdom of Spain. During their reign, the moors were pushed out of Europe and the Catholic church was given even more state power.

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Fourth Crusade

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The Fourth Crusade was called by the Pope in 1202. Instead of being a battle of Jerusalem, the fighting was centered in Constantinople and culminated in its sack in 1204.

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Holy Roman Empire

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The terms given to the land ruled by Charlemagne.

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Hundred Years War

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The war between Britain and France on French soil over who would control the unoccupied throne of France. The Dauphin of Chinon was too cowardly to take the throne for fear of Britain, so the British monarchy saw its chance to expand its holdings. Eventually the British were pushed out of France.

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Magna Carta

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Parliament forced King John to sign this document in 1215. It is a document (the first of its kind) that limited the power of the corrupt monarchy.

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manorialism

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The system of economic and political interaction between landlords and their peasant laborers. Serfs labored on the landlord's farms and turned part of their goods over to the landlord, who in turn provided protection, including administration of justice. Serfs were not allowed to leave the manor land they were born on.

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Middle Ages

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The postclassical period of western Europe that began with the fall of the Roman empire and lasted until the beginning of the Renaissance in the fifteenth century.

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Peter Abelard

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A French philosopher and theologian who is considered the founder of the Scholastic school of thinking.

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Raoul de Cambrai

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A French knight who pillaged a convent. Later, the nuns found him and burned him alive.

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scholasticism

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The prominent school of thought in medieval Europe that focused around education (the teaching of knowledge by academics and the defending of dogma).

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Thomas Aquinas

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An Italian monk and religious scholar who worked to blend rational knowledge and Christian faith and believed that he could sum up all understand about man, God, and nature; a radical idea.

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three-field system

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An improvement in agricultural technique in which only one third of the land was left unplanted each year rather than the previous one half that was not planted.

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William the Conqueror

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The Duke of Normandy who ruled a kingdom in France, and invaded England in 1066. Centralized the feudal system.

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Ibn-Rushd

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A Spanish-Arabian philosopher whose works centered around the connection between rational thought and religious thought.

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feudalism

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The manorial system on a state level. Knights gave military protection to lords in exchange for land. Lords swore their knights to the king in exchange for larger grants of land.

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Charlemagne

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A member of the Carolingian family who established an empire in France and Germany c.800, when he was crowned Holy Roman e

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Benedict of Nursia

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Established the most important set of monastic rules. Benedictine monasteries appeared across Europe and served to unify the faith.

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Pope Gregory VII

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A pope who made huge reforms to the Catholic church and challenged the authority of secular leaders. He banned lay investiture.

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First Crusade

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A crusade called by Pope Urban II in 1095. It was the only militarily successful campaign, noting the capture of Jerusalem by 1099.

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Francis of Assisi

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An Italian monk (from Assisi in Italy) who founded the Francisian Order. He devoted his life to helping those less fortunate than himself (most commonly the poor and the sick).

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Crusades

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Battles called by the Pope where Christians tried to militarily take the Holy Land of Jerusalem and Israel away from the Muslims who held it.

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Pope Urban II

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The Pope who first called for Christians to take up arms against the Muslims, spurring the Crusades into action.

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parliaments

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A council formed from members of prominent groups. Institutionalized the feudal concept that the highest lords should consult their vassals.

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serfs

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Agricultural peasant laborers who were tied to the land they were born on.

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Gothic

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A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries

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Bernard of Clairvaux

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A French abbot and primary builder of the reforming Cistercian order of monks. He also laid the framework for the order that would become the Knights Templar. It was through his doing that Pope Innocent II came to power.

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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An English poet and writer who is remembered for writing the Canterbury Tales. He died before he could finish them.

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Hanseatic League

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A confederation of independent cities established in northern Germany for military protection and economic trade with each other.

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guilds

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An economic association of people from the same trades who worked together in order to protect their investments and maintain quality standards. Usually resulted in one guild having a monopoly on a certain trade.

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three estates

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French political structure that divided classes. The First Estate was made up of the clergy of the Roman Catholic church, the Second Estate was made up of the wealthy rulers and landlords, and the Third Estate was made up of the proletariat peasant laborers and serfs.

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investiture

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The Investiture Controversy was a battle occurring during the eleventh and twelfth centuries between the Pope and various secular rulers over who could ordain new bishops and abbots into their positions. The Pope argued that it was a church duty, and secular kings argued that they ruled over the people. It ended in 1122 with the signing of the Concordat of Worms.

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Roger Bacon

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An English scientist (also a monk of the Franciscan order) who developed the scientific method, stressing the importance of experimentation in research.

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vassals

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Lesser lords who gave payment (mainly military service) to a greater kingdom in exchange for protection and aid as part of the greater lord's kingdom.

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Roman Catholic church

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The western European church that beliefs the Papal line is the followers of St. Paul and that they are expanding the church as the bible describes. They believe in church tradition as a basis for religion.

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Carolingians

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A new family that took over the Frankish monarchy (based in northern France, Belgium, and western Germany), and grew powerful during the eighth century.

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"Beowulf"

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The legendary hero from the eighth century English epic of the same name. The author is unknown, but it represents the distinct literary style of medieval western Europe.

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Third Crusade

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A crusade called in 1189 that was lead by Richard I the Lionheart as well as the king of France. It was disastrously failed due to the dissenting Crusader army that was no match for the Islamic Umma fighting on their own soil.

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investiture

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The bestowing of an official title, such as to a church official like an abbot or bishop.

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Pope

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The head of the Roman Catholic church who represented God's avatar on Earth. Gained huge power due to the prominence of religion in western Europe during the Middle Ages. The different popes would continuously challenge the authority of secular political leaders.

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Battle of Tours

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Fought in Tours, France in 732. The Frankish Christians defeat Muslim invaders, keeping the Moors and the Ummayyad empire confined to Spain and allowing Christianity to grow in western Europe.

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moldboard

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A curved iron plate used for new plowheads that allowed deeper turning of the heavy western European soils. These were much more effective to western serfs than the light Mediterranean designs previously in use.

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Vikings

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Seagoing raiders from Scandanavia who periodically disrupted life all the way from Ireland to Sicily

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"Song of Roland"

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A poem representative of the medieval style that was written to praise Charlemange.

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Romanesque

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11th and 12th centuries; roman influences; mostly built around a holy site or relics; initially, they had flat wooden roofs, which were a fire hazard and prone to fall so they were then created from stone; later, went to a long rounded roof called the Barrel Vault, which created a wider and higher ceiling; because of stone roof, walls were thick; massive pillars; looked like castles; windows were very small; dark inside

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Chivalry

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A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion and valuing honor and religion above all else.

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"Romance of the Rose"

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Poem written by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung during the 13th century that details the ideas of courtly love. It describes romance between men and women of the upper class.

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Franks

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A group of woodsman barbarians who inhabited the area that is present-day France. They eventually evolved a feudal political system in the kingdom of France.

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Benedict of Nursia

answer

This term is repeated and is listed here to represent accuracy with the teaching materials.

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How did the political boundaries of the medieval states compare with those of the ancient Roman Empire? In what direction did the expansion take place?

answer

The political boundaries of the medieval states cover most of the old Roman empire, but it is divided among several. Expansion took place in the north where

question

How many political units were there in the medieval world? How did this compare to the ancient west?

answer

The medieval world was made up of several small, feudal political units. The ancient west (China, the Gupta and Mauryan empires, the Byzantine empire, and the Islamic empires) were made up of one large state.

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