Mass Media 13, 14, 15 – Flashcards
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What social critic believes that the mountains of data in modern life add to our problems instead of engendering thoughtful discussion among citizens?
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Neil Postman
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The ethical principle "the greatest good for the greatest number" was derived from the work of:
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Bentham and Mill
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What nineteenth-century invention allowed news to be transmitted instantly?
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Telegraph
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Which modern programs follow the form of See It Now from the 1950s?
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60 Minutes and Dateline
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What are the functions of public journalism?
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Going beyond only describing what is "going wrong" to imagining what "going right" would be like, going from seeing people as consumers to seeing them as participants in a democratic public, and going beyond "telling the news" to helping public life go well.
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What are accounts of the worst criminal stories of the day?
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Crime blocks
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A conflict of interest is:
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Any situation in which a reporter may stand to benefit personally from a story.
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The public journalism movement in the US began in earnest in Georgia in:
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1989
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Timeliness, proximity, and prominence are all examples of criteria for:
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Newsworthiness
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What is an example of one of the problematic aspects of "getting the story first"?
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The flubbed predictions regarding the outcome of voting in Florida during the November 2000 presidential elections
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By 1993 and into early 2000s, public confidence in newspapers dropped to:
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Less than 25 percent
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What style of reporting is used for journalists to be able to assume the leaders are hiding something?
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Tough questioning
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News stories about issues that could affect a family's income or change a community's laws are stories of:
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Consequence
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To avoid conflicts of interest, in most cities journalists do not:
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Support social issues, reveal their political affiliations, accept gifts from the subjects of stories, and participate in politics
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What are functions of news consultants?
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Dictate how reporters act on air, set the agenda for the types of stories reporters cover, dictates how reporters look on air, and encourages things like "happy talk" from reporters
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What female reporter famously deployed deception to write groundbreaking stories?
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Nellie Bly
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What major value of journalism was adopted from the conventions of personal detachment?
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Neutrality
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The Colbert Report satirizes news hosts like:
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Bill O'Reilly
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The Pullitzer Prize often goes to the reporter who:
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Asks ethically charged and open-ended questions
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Community journalism aims to reinvigorate:
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Deliberative democracy
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Favoring the small over the large and the rural over the urban is also known as:
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Small-town pastoralism
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Janet Cooke's fabricated investigative report for the Washington Post led to:
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A Pilitzer Prize, which was later revoked
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What is a way newspaper reporters are increasingly required to enhance online reports?
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Audio or video
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Who was FBI's prime suspect in the bombing at the 1996 Olympics, who was never charged with a crime and later successfully sued news organizations for libel?
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Richard Jewell
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Situational ethics
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Promote ethical decisions making on a case-by-case basis.
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Supporters of public journalism efforts say it:
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Connects journalists to their community and its improvement
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When journalism switched to a focus on the present in news content, the industry began to draw criticism for:
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Not offering historical analyses of important issues
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What are criteria used to determine if a story is newsworthy?
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Novelty, proximity, timeliness, and conflict
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Sound bite
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TV equivalent of a quote in print news
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According to Herbert Gans, what is the most prominent value underpinning daily journalism?
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Individualism
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Critics worry that public journalism compromises:
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The profession's credibility
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Gathering quotes from victims at a hospital might be seen as:
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An invasion of a person's right to privacy
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What is a benefit to journalists of relying on expert sources?
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Gaining credibility from outside authorities for seemingly neutral reports
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Any situation in which a journalist may stand to benefit personally from a story is:
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Conflict of interest
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The abortion controversy is an example of an issue that has been turned into what kind of story?
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Two-sided
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The competing models that have influenced American and European newsrooms since the early 1900s are:
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Informational and partisan
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The value evidenced by reporters when they assume that business people compete with one another to create increased prosperity was identified by Gans as:
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Responsible capitalism
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News consultants are also known as:
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News doctors
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Which of the following is a major ethical principle:
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Aristotle's golden mean, "the greatest food for the greatest number", Kant's categorical imperative, The Golden Rule
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Despite issues of conflict of interest, small newspapers with limited resources might accept what from local businesses or interview subjects?
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Freebies
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What sociologist studied newsroom culture in the 1970s?
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Herbert Gans
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The boom in 24 hour cable news programs led to"
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A news vacuum that is now filled with talk shows and interviews with journalists
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What is deliberative democracy?
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A system in which citizen groups, local government, and the news media work together to shape social and political agendas
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What focuses on how people make meaning through their use of cultural symbols in print and visual media?
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Cultural studies
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What theory attributes powerful effects to the mass media?
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Hypodermic-needle model (magic bullet theory)
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What is considered to be the founding book in American media studies?
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Public Opinion
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What method relies on objectivity, reliability, and validity?
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Scientific method
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The interpretive approaches of the European school of media research were built on writings of philosophers like:
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Karl Marx
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Walter Lippmann's book Liberty and the News:
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called on journalists to act more like scientific researchers
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Which book was considered the first serious academic cultural analysis of television programs?
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TV: The Most Popular Art
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Who conducted the analysis research showing that heavy watchers of television overestimate the amount of violence that actually exists in the world?
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George Gerbner
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What study examines the interconnections among economic interests, political power, and how power is used?
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Political economy studies
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Habermas defines the public sphere as:
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A space for critical public debate
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The rise of commercial radio led to the first:
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Ratings system
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What is a problem with content analysis research?
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It is basically descriptive and does not measure the effects of media
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What is cultural research that focuses on how people use and interpret cultural content?
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A scientific poll
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During what time period did Walter Lippmann and others develop more scientific approaches to mass media research?
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The late 1920s and 1930s
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Harold Lasswell defined propaganda as:
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"The control of opinion by significant symbols, by stories, rumors, reports, pictures, and other forms of social communication"
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What model enabled researchers to develop inventories cataloging how people employ the media?
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Uses and gratifications model
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What was a major inadequacy of traditional scientific research, as pointed out by the Frankfurt School?
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It reduced large cultural questions to verifiable categories
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What is a tentative general statement that predicts a relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable?
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Hypothesis
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Specialized academic language that alienates and excludes nonacademic is called:
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Jargon
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The Payne Fund Studies emerged from:
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A concern about the effect of movies on youth
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What developed through the efforts of advertisers and product companies?
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Marketing research
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During what time period did more academics start to become more active in public life?
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The 1980s and 1990s
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In an important censorship case, the Nixon administration tried to restrain publication of:
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The Pentagon Papers
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What Supreme Court case ruled that a newspaper had the right to publish what it chose?
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Miami Herald Publishing Co v Tornillo
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Spurred by Jack Johnson's victory, in 1912 the U.S. government outlawed:
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Transportation of boxing movies across state lines
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What mandated that radio broadcasters operate in "the public interest, convenience, and necessity."?
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The Communications Act of 1934
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The Motion Picture Production Code specifically prohibited the production of movies that encouraged the audience to sympathize with what?
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Evil, sin, wrong-doing, and crime
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How did the movie industry respond to the information of community review boards and the deteriorating economic conditions of the Great Depression?
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It formed its own self-regulation boards and standards
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Which model for expression and speech characterizes the main ideals of mainstream journalism in the United States?
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Social responsiblity
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Which of the following is an accurate statement about the FCC in the twenty-first century?
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It has tried to crack down on instances of indecency with bigger fines
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What requires stations to air controversial-issue programs and provide competing points of view?
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The Fairness Doctrine
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The Supreme Court finally granted film the same speech protection as print and other forms of media after the New York licensing Board banned the film:
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Il Miracolo
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What is the difference between slander and libel?
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Slander uses spoken language to defame a person's character, but libel uses written or broadcast expression
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What laws have favored the First Amendment rights?
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Shield laws
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What organization encourages free expression advocates to use blogs to share information about ending human rights abuses?
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Human Rights Watch
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In North America and Europe, what operate on the libertarian model of expression?
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Alternative newspapers and magazines
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What silent-film actor was made a scapegoat in the early 1920s after a series of scandals rocked Hollywood?
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Fatty Arbuckle
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What publication named performers, writers, and musicians who were sympathetic to communism?
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Red Channels
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This is when a reporter or editor knows a statement is false and prints or broadcasts it anyways.
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Actual malice
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In order to work in television or radio, blacklisted performers needed what?
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The support of a sponsor
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Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) did what?
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Protected profits by self-censoring the movie industry
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According to Supreme Court ruling, the FCC has the authority to stop broadcasters from airing adult content between:
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6 A.M. and 10 P.M.
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During the late 1960s, Jack Valenti established:
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An industry board to rate movies
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What did anti-smoking activist John Banzhaf invoke to force cigarette advertising off television?
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The Fairness Doctrine
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Why did government outlaw transportation of boxing movies across state lines?
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Because of Jack Johnson's race
