Chapter 12 Romanesque Europe – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What purpose did Gislebertus's image of the last judgement on the portal of saint- Lazare serve
answer
It encouraged viewers to seek salvation by terrifying them.
question
Among those who would be judged favorably in Gislebertus's Last Judgment are people carrying bags adorned with a shell and a cross. These figures represent ____.
answer
pilgrims to Jerusalem and Santiago
question
The term Roman-like was adopted to describe the architecture of the Romanesque period because it relied on elements of Roman architecture such as ____.
answer
groin vaults
question
Which of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?
answer
The pilgrimage routes
question
____ was the economic system that was gradually replaced by the growth of towns and cities during the Romanesque period.
answer
Feudalism
question
One of the factors that contributed to the enormous surge in church building during the Romanesque period was the ____.
answer
thanksgiving experienced at the peaceful conclusion of the first millennium
question
Pilgrims often journeyed to churches to view ____, which were the material remains of holy figures.
answer
relics
question
The primary motivation for undertaking a pilgrimage, which was extremely dangerous and could often last a year, was ____.
answer
to seek salvation or a cure
question
9. ____ is the theft of relics for holy purposes.
answer
Furta sacra
question
Pilgrims believed that relics could ____.
answer
heal body and soul
question
The most venerated pilgrimage shrine in the West, outside Rome or Jerusalem, was the ____.
answer
tomb of Saint James at Santiago de Compostela
question
Saint Faith at Conques, Saint James at Santiago de Compostela, and Saint-Sernin at Toulouse are all examples of ____ churches.
answer
pilgrimage
question
Saint-Sernin at Toulouse has been called a "pilgrimage type" church. Which of the following accounts for this designation?
answer
It had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.
question
The purpose of tribunes such as those found at Saint James at Santiago de Compostela and Saint-Sernin in Toulouse was ____.
answer
to house the overflow crowds and to buttress the weight of the vaults
question
The nave of pilgrimage churches, such as Saint-Sernin at Toulouse and Saint James, were covered by a ____.
answer
cut-stone barrel vault
question
At Saint-Sernin, the ____ served as the module for the proportions of the entire church.
answer
crossing square
question
Compound piers are ____.
answer
piers with attached columns or pilasters
question
In the Romanesque period, church interiors became impressive acoustical settings for church services. Which of the following architectural elements allowed for the excellent acoustics?
answer
The continuous barrel-vaulted naves
question
The revival of monumental sculpture in the Romanesque period was partially influenced by ____.
answer
the survival of ancient Roman ruins
question
The monks of the ____ order were among the primary patrons of Romanesque sculpture
answer
Cluniac
question
____ possesses the most extensive preserved ensemble of early Romanesque sculpture.
answer
Saint-Pierre, Moissac
question
The _____ is the covered courtyard in a monastery that expressed the seclusion of the spiritual life and offered a foretaste of paradise
answer
cloister
question
The Cistercian monk who criticized the rich outfitting of non-Cistercian churches and sculptural adornments of monastic cloisters was ____.
answer
Bernard of Clairvaux
question
In his writings, Bernard of Clairvaux criticized the profusion of sculptural decoration in Romanesque cloisters because it ____.
answer
distracted the viewer from reading and prayer.
question
One of the most obvious differences between Cistercian churches such as Notre-Dame at Fontenay and other Romanesque churches is the absence of ____.
answer
sculptural decoration
question
The focus of the sculptural program of the abbey church of Saint Pierre at Moissac is the ____.
answer
second coming
question
The ____ is the semi-circular area above the lintel of a Romanesque portal.
answer
tympanum
question
During the Romanesque period, the vision of Christ's second coming was often depicted on which of the following?
answer
The tympanum
question
On the right face of the Moissac trumeau is a prophet displaying his scroll containing his prophetic vision. He is placed immediately below the depiction of Christ, the judge. This is another instance of the pairing of the Old and New Testament themes. This iconographic tradition was established during which of the following periods?
answer
Early Christian
question
____ is the church most closely associated with the crusades.
answer
La Madeleine, Vézelay
question
The tympanum of the Romanesque portal of La Madeleine at Vézelay depicts ____.
answer
Pentecost
question
The ____ were mass armed pilgrimages whose purpose was to take control of Christian monuments in the Holy Land.
answer
crusades
question
Reflecting Christ's mission to the apostles, depicted in the lintel and tympanum compartments at Vézelay are ____.
answer
images of the world's heathens
question
The mission of the ____, the earliest crusading knights, was to protect Christians visiting Christian shrines in the Holy Land.
answer
Knights Templar
question
Scholars believe that the ____ manuscript was produced in the scriptorium at Moissac.
answer
Codex Colbertinus
question
The interwining forms on the initial L and saint matthew of the codex Colbertinus attest to the long life of the _______ from the hiberno- saxon period
answer
animal interlace style
question
In contrast to the Cluiacs, the ____ order eventually prohibited full-page illustrations in manuscripts.
answer
Cistercians
question
The depiction of the battle between the knight and the dragons from the Moralia in Job was viewed by the clergy as ____.
answer
an allegory of the struggle of monks against the devil for the salvation of souls
question
The use of ornamented initials such as the Initial R in the Moralia in Job can be traced back to the ____ period.
answer
Hiberno-Saxon
question
____, in northern Spain, boasts more Romanesque murals than anywhere else in Europe
answer
Catalonia
question
Similar to the subject matter of Romanesque portals, the ____ fresco from Santa María de Mur represents Christ surrounded by the four evangelists.
answer
Christ in Majesty
question
The "throne of wisdom," sedes sapientiae, is the western European freestanding version of which of the following?
answer
Byzantine Theotokos
question
Which church was the burial place of the Holy Roman emperors until the 12th century?
answer
Speyer Cathedral
question
The one important requirement often missing from these church interiors is light. Which of the following did not allow for interior lighting?
answer
Barrel-vaults exerted great outward thrust making a clerestory difficult to construct.
question
How did 11th-century Romanesque masons construct monumental groin vaults?
answer
By using ashlar blocks joined by mortar
question
Of the following characteristics, which is not relevant to Italian church architecture?
answer
Verticality
question
In ____, buildings were designed structurally less experimentally than in northern Europe.
answer
Italy
question
It is said this structure's design is simple and serenely classical. It is a descendant of the Pantheon, the imperial mausoleum, such as Diocletian's, and the early Christian Saint Costanza. Which of the following is being described?
answer
San Giovanni Baptistery, Florence
question
The facade of ____ is rooted in the tradition of Carolingian and Ottonian westworks
answer
Saint-Étienne, Caen
question
Which of these architectural elements was used for the exterior supports on Romanesque buildings?
answer
Buttresses
question
The intersection of two barrel vaults creates which of the following?
answer
Groin vault
question
The Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 united all of England and most of France under one rule. The battle leading to this momentous occasion was the topic for the Bayeux Tapestry. Who commissioned this work?
answer
Bishop Odo
question
The Bayeux Tapestry is unique in Romanesque art. Which of the following supports this claim?
answer
It depicted an actual event in full detail shortly after it occurred.
question
The Bayeux Tapestry is the conqueror's version of history. It is a narrative that includes the battle sequences as well as the preparations for war. It is said that this is the most Roman of all Romanesque artworks. Which of the following supports this contention?
answer
It has often been likened to the panels from the Arch of Titus.
