AP World Ch. 14 & 15 – Flashcards
134 test answers
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Where does Cortez initially arrive and why?
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In Mexico looking for gold, enters an empire
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Who is Montezuma?
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Aztec emperor who believes Cortez is a god
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How does Montezuma react to Cortez?
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Tries to befriend him, Cortez uses him to control Aztecs
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What initially causes the Aztec rebellion against Cortez?
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Conquistadors look for gold, break into Aztec storehouse.
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Why do Aztecs rebel?
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Believe Montezuma is being used and Cortez is not a god
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Who is killed during the revolt?
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Montezuma
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What happens to Cortez/what does he do?
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Escapes the city, comes back with more men and cannon power and conquer Aztecs
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Who conquered the Inca empire?
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Francisco Pizarro
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What plays to Pizarro's advantage when he arrives at the empire?
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Incas weakened and divided by Civil war
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Why was the Civil war happening in the empire?
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2 princes fighting each other for control
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Which emperor wins the civil war?
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Atahualpa wins, becomes emperor
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How does Atahualpa react to Pizarro invading and what happens?
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Atahualpa meets with Pizarro, and is captured by the Spanish
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How does Pizarro use Atahualpa to his advantage?
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Pizarro holds Atahualpa hostage, controls Incas through him
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What does Pizarro demand from other Incas?
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Ransom, tribute
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What shatters Pizarro's elaborate reign?
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1) Spanish execute Atahualpa 2) Pizarro rules through "puppet emperor" 3) Emperor rebels, Incas hide in Mts. and fight Spanish
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Who was the last Inca emperor and what happened to him?
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Tupac Amaru, killed by Spanish
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What were 4 reasons for Spanish conquest of Native Americans? (Benchmark 1)
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1) European diseases kill millions 2) Steel weapons 3) Cortez makes alliances with other Aztecs 4) Incas weakened by civil war, small pox kills millions
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What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
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Pope draws border between Spanish & Portuguese land claims South America
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What regions does Latin America include?
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Region of South America, Central America, and Mexico
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When Spain starts colonies in Americas, what are they divided into?
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Viceroyalties: colonial lands controlled by Spain, governed by viceroys.
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What do colonies bring to Spain?
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Great wealth
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What are 3 economic foundations in Spain's colonies?
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1) Sliver/gold mining 2) Agriculture 3) "Encomienda system"
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What was the encomienda system?
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Using Native Americans in a forced labor system, workers given food and shelter for labor -native americans serve as labor force-
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What were the social hierarchy classes of Spanish Colonies?
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1) Peninsulares 2) Creoles 3) Mestizo 4) Native-Americans Africans= small minority, not a significant part in economy
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Who were the Peninsulares?
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Spanish born, elite, rulers (have wealth, power)
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Who were the Creoles?
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People born in Americas to Spanish parents (no political power) serve as army officers
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Who were the Mestizo?
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Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
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Who were the Native-Americans?
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Natives used as primary labor source, exploited by Spanish, 40% of pop.
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What was the 'new' racial category that has lesser status and makes up 30% of pop.?
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Mestizo
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Which 2 categories made up no more than 20% of the population?
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Creoles and Peninsulares
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Which group was a minority, made up 10%?
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Africans
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What were the economic foundations of Portugal's colony of Brazil?
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1) Sugar production 2) Large scale use and importation of African slaves
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How many % of all African slaves were purchased for work in Brazil or the Caribbean Islands?
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90%
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Why were slaves used for labor?
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1) Native population too small 2) Sugar production needed large amounts of laborers 3) Extremely harsh working/living conditions
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What happens to many slaves that die?
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They have to be replaced
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What system did Portugal use for farming?
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Plantation system: large agricultural estates that focus on 1-2 crops
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Describe the lives of Slaves
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Harsh lives (hard labor, poor diet, brutal treatment)
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What is the result from farming sugar?
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Wealth, sugar dominates market for a century One of the world's first global goods, most profitable
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Who sets up colonies in the Caribbean?
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French, British, and Spanish set up colonies in the Caribbean
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What was Caribbean primary economic activity?
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Sugar production -Use of plantation system and dependence on slave labor
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What were the reasons for British to colonize North America?
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1) Religious freedom 2) Settlement for "new life," not just economic gain
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Which groups demanded religious freedom from Britain?
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Pilgrims,Puritans, and Quakers leave Britain to escape persecution
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Who establishes most colonies in the New World?
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Private companies, not run by the govt.
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What percentage of Slaves go to North America?
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3% Slave pop. increases from natural reproduction, conditions less harsh than Brazil, Caribbean
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What is the Triangular Trade?
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Trade network that carries slaves and goods between Africa, Americas, and Europe
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What is the trade pattern of the Triangular Trade?
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1) Europeans trade goods with African slave traders for slaves 2) "Middle Passage" voyage brings salves to Americas 3) Europeans bring colonial resources back to Europe
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What is the Atlantic Slave Trade?
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Sale and transport of African slaves to work in North and South America
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Why were African slaves used for slavery?
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1) European need for labored to harvest sugar 2) Primary source of slaves in S. E. Europe Balkans cut off when Ottoman Empire takes over Southeastern Europe
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Where do Europeans buy slaves?
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From African merchants or African leaders -They don't enter interior of Africa to enslave Africans
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Who were the leading slave dealers?
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Portugal first, Britain takes lead in slave trade by 1700
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What do African slave traders receive in return for Slaves?
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European textiles, metal weapons/tools, gunpowder and Alcohol
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Describe the conditions of the Middle Passage for Slaves
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Brutal conditions of the journey (overcrowding, disease)
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What was the result of the brutal conditions?
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2 million slaves die or trip
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How many slaves were brought to Americas?
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Approximately 12.5 million 90% brought to Brazil, Caribbean
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What was the impact of Slave trade on Africa?
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1) Loses millions of its pop. 2) Economic stagnation (Slave trade source of money, not production) 3) Political instability (African kingdoms raid each other for slaves
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What was the Columbian Exchange?
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Exchange of food, plants, animals, germs, and people between Europe, Americas, and Africa during colonization of Americas
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What was the impact of Columbian Exchange on Europe?
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Receive nutritious crops from Americas, Europeans live longer & increase population
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What was Europe's pop. between 1400 & 1900?
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60 million pop. in 1400 390 million in 1900
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What was the Columbian Exchange impact on Americas?
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1) New livestock (horses, cattle, pigs) provide new food source and transportation 2) European diseases kill millions
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Who were the 1st Europeans to create trading empire in India?
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Portugal
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What was their method?
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Create "trading post empire"
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What is a Trading Post Empire?
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Use military force to establish trade center on coast to control trade and acquire goods, not conquer large territories
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What trade does Portugal dominate?
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Spice trade (pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, mace)
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Which areas were under control of Portuguese trade post empire?
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Coasts of E. Africa, East Indies (Indonesia) and Western India
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Why does the Portuguese empire decline by 1600?
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1) Lack of resources, empire too big 2) Combined resistance of European and Asian kingdoms
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How does the Spain Trading Empire become wealthy?
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Became wealthy from silver mining from colonies in Americas
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How do the Spanish establish their colony?
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Conquer Philippines, become Spanish colony, use as base for trade with China
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Which trade does the Spanish dominate?
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Silk trade
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Why does the Spanish empire decline in early 1600s?
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1) Competition from Dutch and British 2) Mines begin to run out of silver
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Silver becomes a global what?
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1) Global good and currency 2) Silver forms 1st Global network of trade
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Who is the largest buyer of silver and why?
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China because... 1) Demand for silver allows foreigners to buy Chinese products on much larger scale 2) Citizens pay tax in silver
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What were the effects of Silver on China?
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Increase economic production and specialization
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What were the effects of silver in Japan?
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1) Tokugawa shoguns use profits to build large military, defeat Daimyos & unite Japan 2) Shoguns unite with merchants, expand economic production
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Who takes over the spice trade in the Indian Ocean after Portuguese?
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Dutch
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How did they remove the Portuguese?
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Used force
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Which islands do the Dutch take over?
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East Indies (spice islands)
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What were the Dutch methods for taking over?
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1) use "Dutch East India Company" 2) Dutch East India Co. conquers territories that produce spices
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What is the Dutch East India Company?
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Privately owned company, has power to fight war and govern territories
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What is the result of taking over spice islands?
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Control production of spice & shipping
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How does the British establish their empire?
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Establish trading settlements in India, force Portuguese out of India
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What was the British strategy?
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1) British East India Company 2) BEICompany establishes trading settlements in India by payments to Mughal rulers 3) British focus more on Indian cotton textiles than spices
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How long did Mongols rule over Russia for?
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200 years
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Was Russia United?
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No, split into small principalities
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Who was Ivan III the Great?
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Prince of Moscow unites Russian under his rule defeat Mongols, frees Russia
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Whose loyalty did Ivan gain?
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Loyalty of Boyars: Highest Russian nobles
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Who was Ivan IV the Terrible?
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King of Russia, first to use title "tsar"
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Who were the Oprichniki?
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Secret police works for Ivan the Terrible, arrests and executes those who oppose him
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What happens after Ivan the Terrible dies?
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Time of troubles, no tsar, rebellions
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Who was the founder of Romanov dynasty and ends time of troubles?
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Michael Romanov
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Which law does Romanov make?
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All peasants turned into serfs and under control of boyars, gains boyars support
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Who was Peter the Great?
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Tsar, plan "Westernization"
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What is the policy of Westernization?
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Policy to become more like Western Europe, modernize
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What were Peter the Great's reforms?
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1) Massive army 2) Creates a navy 3) Requires noble's to serve in govt. 4) Increase taxation
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What does Peter the Great do because he wants access to ocean?
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Goes to war against Sweden for access to Baltic Sea "Great Northern War"
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What were the effects of Battle of Poltava?
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1) Russia wins war 2) Gains access to Baltic Sea 3) Builds city St. Petersburg
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Why did the Ming dynasty fall?
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1) Mongol raids 2) Ming require taxes paid in silver (increases poverty) 3) Peasant rebellions 4) Ming overthrown by Qing dynasty
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Who created the Qing dynasty?
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Manchu people, last imperial dynasty
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Who were the Manchu?
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Nomadic people live in region north of China called "Manchuria", seen as foreigners
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What is a Nurachi?
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Manchu leader
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How do the Qing overthrow Ming?
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Capture Beijing, take over China, replace ming
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What were some Qing achievements?
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1) Territorial expansion 2) Conquered lands ruled as colonies 3) Continue Confucianism 4) Treaty of Nerchisk
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How long did the Qing conquest take?
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80 years, captured Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang
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What kind of empire did Qing create in conquered lands?
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Colonial empire
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What was the office that governed conquered lands called?
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Court of Colonial Affairs
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What was the Treaty of Nerchinsk?
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Established border between China and Russia, prevents war
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Who initiated conquest of central Asia, and sets fixed tax rates on all lands?
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Emperor Kangxi
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Who rules after Kangxi?
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Emperor Qianlong- rules over period of great prosperity, finishes "conquest period" (Tibet)
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Where was the Mughal empire located and which people controlled it?
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Located in India, "Mughals" are descendants of Mongols
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Mughals are which religion & rule over which other religion?
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Mughals are Muslims (20%) rule over majority of people who are Hindus (80%)
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Which emperor was the ruler of "Fergana" and what was it?
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Babur, Fergana is a small kingdom in central Asia
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Which emperor conquered large parts of India, established religious tolerance, and abolished Jizya?
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Akbar
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Which emperor built Tai Mahal?
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Shahjahan
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Which emperor implements strict Islamic policies, uses Sharia, & removes non-Muslims from govt. positions?
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Aurangzeb
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What were the reasons for Mughal decline?
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1) Hindus revolt against Aurangzeb 2) British begin to take control of India
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Which emperor built Tai Mahal?
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Shahjahan
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Which emperor implements strict Islamic policies, uses Sharia, & removes non-Muslims from govt. positions?
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Aurangzeb
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What were the reasons for Mughal decline?
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1) Hindus revolt against Aurangzeb 2) British begin to take control of India
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Who founded the Ottoman Empire?
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Osman
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Who does the Ottoman Empire control?
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Balkans
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Ottoman Empire becomes defender of which religion?
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Islam Protects holy city of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem
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Who are the enemies of Ottomans?
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1) Byzantine Empire 2) Safavid Empire
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What ends the Byzantine Empire?
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Ottomans capture Constantinople (1453)
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What do Ottomans rename Constantinople after capturing it?
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Istanbul
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Were Safavids Shia or Sunni? Were Ottomans Shia or Sunni?
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Safavids- Shia had religious conflict with Ottomans- Sunni
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How long did the conflict between Safavids and Ottomans take?
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100 years (1534-1639) century
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Do Ottomans force conversion to Islam on Balkans?
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No, allow religious tolerance over %80 Christian Balkans
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What is Jizya?
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Religious tax to worship for non-muslims
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What is Devshirme
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Ottoman policy require Balkan Christian communities to give quota of young boys to Ottoman sultan, bays are trained as "Janissaries": slave soldier loyal to Sultan
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What was the last major Ottoman offensive against Christian Europe?
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Siege of Vienna
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Did Ottomans conquer the capital of Vienna?
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No
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