AP World Ch. 14 & 15 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is the practice of "mercantilism" that English and French do after conquering the Americas?
answer
Economic belief/policy that a govt. should sell more good to other countries than it buys.
question
What are the new colonies in Americas primarily used for?
answer
Wealth, and accumulation of gold and silver
question
Who conquers the Aztecs in 1522?
answer
Hernando Cortez
question
Who is Hernando Cortez?
answer
A Spanish "conquistador:" conqueror or soldier who explored and conquered land for Spain
question
Where does Cortez initially arrive and why?
answer
In Mexico looking for gold, enters an empire
question
Who is Montezuma?
answer
Aztec emperor who believes Cortez is a god
question
How does Montezuma react to Cortez?
answer
Tries to befriend him, Cortez uses him to control Aztecs
question
What initially causes the Aztec rebellion against Cortez?
answer
Conquistadors look for gold, break into Aztec storehouse.
question
Why do Aztecs rebel?
answer
Believe Montezuma is being used and Cortez is not a god
question
Who is killed during the revolt?
answer
Montezuma
question
What happens to Cortez/what does he do?
answer
Escapes the city, comes back with more men and cannon power and conquer Aztecs
question
Who conquered the Inca empire?
answer
Francisco Pizarro
question
What plays to Pizarro's advantage when he arrives at the empire?
answer
Incas weakened and divided by Civil war
question
Why was the Civil war happening in the empire?
answer
2 princes fighting each other for control
question
Which emperor wins the civil war?
answer
Atahualpa wins, becomes emperor
question
How does Atahualpa react to Pizarro invading and what happens?
answer
Atahualpa meets with Pizarro, and is captured by the Spanish
question
How does Pizarro use Atahualpa to his advantage?
answer
Pizarro holds Atahualpa hostage, controls Incas through him
question
What does Pizarro demand from other Incas?
answer
Ransom, tribute
question
What shatters Pizarro's elaborate reign?
answer
1) Spanish execute Atahualpa 2) Pizarro rules through "puppet emperor" 3) Emperor rebels, Incas hide in Mts. and fight Spanish
question
Who was the last Inca emperor and what happened to him?
answer
Tupac Amaru, killed by Spanish
question
What were 4 reasons for Spanish conquest of Native Americans? (Benchmark 1)
answer
1) European diseases kill millions 2) Steel weapons 3) Cortez makes alliances with other Aztecs 4) Incas weakened by civil war, small pox kills millions
question
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
answer
Pope draws border between Spanish & Portuguese land claims South America
question
What regions does Latin America include?
answer
Region of South America, Central America, and Mexico
question
When Spain starts colonies in Americas, what are they divided into?
answer
Viceroyalties: colonial lands controlled by Spain, governed by viceroys.
question
What do colonies bring to Spain?
answer
Great wealth
question
What are 3 economic foundations in Spain's colonies?
answer
1) Sliver/gold mining 2) Agriculture 3) "Encomienda system"
question
What was the encomienda system?
answer
Using Native Americans in a forced labor system, workers given food and shelter for labor -native americans serve as labor force-
question
What were the social hierarchy classes of Spanish Colonies?
answer
1) Peninsulares 2) Creoles 3) Mestizo 4) Native-Americans Africans= small minority, not a significant part in economy
question
Who were the Peninsulares?
answer
Spanish born, elite, rulers (have wealth, power)
question
Who were the Creoles?
answer
People born in Americas to Spanish parents (no political power) serve as army officers
question
Who were the Mestizo?
answer
Person of mixed European and Indian ancestry
question
Who were the Native-Americans?
answer
Natives used as primary labor source, exploited by Spanish, 40% of pop.
question
What was the 'new' racial category that has lesser status and makes up 30% of pop.?
answer
Mestizo
question
Which 2 categories made up no more than 20% of the population?
answer
Creoles and Peninsulares
question
Which group was a minority, made up 10%?
answer
Africans
question
What were the economic foundations of Portugal's colony of Brazil?
answer
1) Sugar production 2) Large scale use and importation of African slaves
question
How many % of all African slaves were purchased for work in Brazil or the Caribbean Islands?
answer
90%
question
Why were slaves used for labor?
answer
1) Native population too small 2) Sugar production needed large amounts of laborers 3) Extremely harsh working/living conditions
question
What happens to many slaves that die?
answer
They have to be replaced
question
What system did Portugal use for farming?
answer
Plantation system: large agricultural estates that focus on 1-2 crops
question
Describe the lives of Slaves
answer
Harsh lives (hard labor, poor diet, brutal treatment)
question
What is the result from farming sugar?
answer
Wealth, sugar dominates market for a century One of the world's first global goods, most profitable
question
Who sets up colonies in the Caribbean?
answer
French, British, and Spanish set up colonies in the Caribbean
question
What was Caribbean primary economic activity?
answer
Sugar production -Use of plantation system and dependence on slave labor
question
What were the reasons for British to colonize North America?
answer
1) Religious freedom 2) Settlement for "new life," not just economic gain
question
Which groups demanded religious freedom from Britain?
answer
Pilgrims,Puritans, and Quakers leave Britain to escape persecution
question
Who establishes most colonies in the New World?
answer
Private companies, not run by the govt.
question
What percentage of Slaves go to North America?
answer
3% Slave pop. increases from natural reproduction, conditions less harsh than Brazil, Caribbean
question
What is the Triangular Trade?
answer
Trade network that carries slaves and goods between Africa, Americas, and Europe
question
What is the trade pattern of the Triangular Trade?
answer
1) Europeans trade goods with African slave traders for slaves 2) "Middle Passage" voyage brings salves to Americas 3) Europeans bring colonial resources back to Europe
question
What is the Atlantic Slave Trade?
answer
Sale and transport of African slaves to work in North and South America
question
Why were African slaves used for slavery?
answer
1) European need for labored to harvest sugar 2) Primary source of slaves in S. E. Europe Balkans cut off when Ottoman Empire takes over Southeastern Europe
question
Where do Europeans buy slaves?
answer
From African merchants or African leaders -They don't enter interior of Africa to enslave Africans
question
Who were the leading slave dealers?
answer
Portugal first, Britain takes lead in slave trade by 1700
question
What do African slave traders receive in return for Slaves?
answer
European textiles, metal weapons/tools, gunpowder and Alcohol
question
Describe the conditions of the Middle Passage for Slaves
answer
Brutal conditions of the journey (overcrowding, disease)
question
What was the result of the brutal conditions?
answer
2 million slaves die or trip
question
How many slaves were brought to Americas?
answer
Approximately 12.5 million 90% brought to Brazil, Caribbean
question
What was the impact of Slave trade on Africa?
answer
1) Loses millions of its pop. 2) Economic stagnation (Slave trade source of money, not production) 3) Political instability (African kingdoms raid each other for slaves
question
What was the Columbian Exchange?
answer
Exchange of food, plants, animals, germs, and people between Europe, Americas, and Africa during colonization of Americas
question
What was the impact of Columbian Exchange on Europe?
answer
Receive nutritious crops from Americas, Europeans live longer & increase population
question
What was Europe's pop. between 1400 & 1900?
answer
60 million pop. in 1400 390 million in 1900
question
What was the Columbian Exchange impact on Americas?
answer
1) New livestock (horses, cattle, pigs) provide new food source and transportation 2) European diseases kill millions
question
Who were the 1st Europeans to create trading empire in India?
answer
Portugal
question
What was their method?
answer
Create "trading post empire"
question
What is a Trading Post Empire?
answer
Use military force to establish trade center on coast to control trade and acquire goods, not conquer large territories
question
What trade does Portugal dominate?
answer
Spice trade (pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, mace)
question
Which areas were under control of Portuguese trade post empire?
answer
Coasts of E. Africa, East Indies (Indonesia) and Western India
question
Why does the Portuguese empire decline by 1600?
answer
1) Lack of resources, empire too big 2) Combined resistance of European and Asian kingdoms
question
How does the Spain Trading Empire become wealthy?
answer
Became wealthy from silver mining from colonies in Americas
question
How do the Spanish establish their colony?
answer
Conquer Philippines, become Spanish colony, use as base for trade with China
question
Which trade does the Spanish dominate?
answer
Silk trade
question
Why does the Spanish empire decline in early 1600s?
answer
1) Competition from Dutch and British 2) Mines begin to run out of silver
question
Silver becomes a global what?
answer
1) Global good and currency 2) Silver forms 1st Global network of trade
question
Who is the largest buyer of silver and why?
answer
China because... 1) Demand for silver allows foreigners to buy Chinese products on much larger scale 2) Citizens pay tax in silver
question
What were the effects of Silver on China?
answer
Increase economic production and specialization
question
What were the effects of silver in Japan?
answer
1) Tokugawa shoguns use profits to build large military, defeat Daimyos & unite Japan 2) Shoguns unite with merchants, expand economic production
question
Who takes over the spice trade in the Indian Ocean after Portuguese?
answer
Dutch
question
How did they remove the Portuguese?
answer
Used force
question
Which islands do the Dutch take over?
answer
East Indies (spice islands)
question
What were the Dutch methods for taking over?
answer
1) use "Dutch East India Company" 2) Dutch East India Co. conquers territories that produce spices
question
What is the Dutch East India Company?
answer
Privately owned company, has power to fight war and govern territories
question
What is the result of taking over spice islands?
answer
Control production of spice & shipping
question
How does the British establish their empire?
answer
Establish trading settlements in India, force Portuguese out of India
question
What was the British strategy?
answer
1) British East India Company 2) BEICompany establishes trading settlements in India by payments to Mughal rulers 3) British focus more on Indian cotton textiles than spices
question
How long did Mongols rule over Russia for?
answer
200 years
question
Was Russia United?
answer
No, split into small principalities
question
Who was Ivan III the Great?
answer
Prince of Moscow unites Russian under his rule defeat Mongols, frees Russia
question
Whose loyalty did Ivan gain?
answer
Loyalty of Boyars: Highest Russian nobles
question
Who was Ivan IV the Terrible?
answer
King of Russia, first to use title "tsar"
question
Who were the Oprichniki?
answer
Secret police works for Ivan the Terrible, arrests and executes those who oppose him
question
What happens after Ivan the Terrible dies?
answer
Time of troubles, no tsar, rebellions
question
Who was the founder of Romanov dynasty and ends time of troubles?
answer
Michael Romanov
question
Which law does Romanov make?
answer
All peasants turned into serfs and under control of boyars, gains boyars support
question
Who was Peter the Great?
answer
Tsar, plan "Westernization"
question
What is the policy of Westernization?
answer
Policy to become more like Western Europe, modernize
question
What were Peter the Great's reforms?
answer
1) Massive army 2) Creates a navy 3) Requires noble's to serve in govt. 4) Increase taxation
question
What does Peter the Great do because he wants access to ocean?
answer
Goes to war against Sweden for access to Baltic Sea "Great Northern War"
question
What were the effects of Battle of Poltava?
answer
1) Russia wins war 2) Gains access to Baltic Sea 3) Builds city St. Petersburg
question
Why did the Ming dynasty fall?
answer
1) Mongol raids 2) Ming require taxes paid in silver (increases poverty) 3) Peasant rebellions 4) Ming overthrown by Qing dynasty
question
Who created the Qing dynasty?
answer
Manchu people, last imperial dynasty
question
Who were the Manchu?
answer
Nomadic people live in region north of China called "Manchuria", seen as foreigners
question
What is a Nurachi?
answer
Manchu leader
question
How do the Qing overthrow Ming?
answer
Capture Beijing, take over China, replace ming
question
What were some Qing achievements?
answer
1) Territorial expansion 2) Conquered lands ruled as colonies 3) Continue Confucianism 4) Treaty of Nerchisk
question
How long did the Qing conquest take?
answer
80 years, captured Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang
question
What kind of empire did Qing create in conquered lands?
answer
Colonial empire
question
What was the office that governed conquered lands called?
answer
Court of Colonial Affairs
question
What was the Treaty of Nerchinsk?
answer
Established border between China and Russia, prevents war
question
Who initiated conquest of central Asia, and sets fixed tax rates on all lands?
answer
Emperor Kangxi
question
Who rules after Kangxi?
answer
Emperor Qianlong- rules over period of great prosperity, finishes "conquest period" (Tibet)
question
Where was the Mughal empire located and which people controlled it?
answer
Located in India, "Mughals" are descendants of Mongols
question
Mughals are which religion & rule over which other religion?
answer
Mughals are Muslims (20%) rule over majority of people who are Hindus (80%)
question
Which emperor was the ruler of "Fergana" and what was it?
answer
Babur, Fergana is a small kingdom in central Asia
question
Which emperor conquered large parts of India, established religious tolerance, and abolished Jizya?
answer
Akbar
question
Which emperor built Tai Mahal?
answer
Shahjahan
question
Which emperor implements strict Islamic policies, uses Sharia, & removes non-Muslims from govt. positions?
answer
Aurangzeb
question
What were the reasons for Mughal decline?
answer
1) Hindus revolt against Aurangzeb 2) British begin to take control of India
question
Which emperor built Tai Mahal?
answer
Shahjahan
question
Which emperor implements strict Islamic policies, uses Sharia, & removes non-Muslims from govt. positions?
answer
Aurangzeb
question
What were the reasons for Mughal decline?
answer
1) Hindus revolt against Aurangzeb 2) British begin to take control of India
question
Who founded the Ottoman Empire?
answer
Osman
question
Who does the Ottoman Empire control?
answer
Balkans
question
Ottoman Empire becomes defender of which religion?
answer
Islam Protects holy city of Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem
question
Who are the enemies of Ottomans?
answer
1) Byzantine Empire 2) Safavid Empire
question
What ends the Byzantine Empire?
answer
Ottomans capture Constantinople (1453)
question
What do Ottomans rename Constantinople after capturing it?
answer
Istanbul
question
Were Safavids Shia or Sunni? Were Ottomans Shia or Sunni?
answer
Safavids- Shia had religious conflict with Ottomans- Sunni
question
How long did the conflict between Safavids and Ottomans take?
answer
100 years (1534-1639) century
question
Do Ottomans force conversion to Islam on Balkans?
answer
No, allow religious tolerance over %80 Christian Balkans
question
What is Jizya?
answer
Religious tax to worship for non-muslims
question
What is Devshirme
answer
Ottoman policy require Balkan Christian communities to give quota of young boys to Ottoman sultan, bays are trained as "Janissaries": slave soldier loyal to Sultan
question
What was the last major Ottoman offensive against Christian Europe?
answer
Siege of Vienna
question
Did Ottomans conquer the capital of Vienna?
answer
No
