MEH: Ch 9-12 cocepts – Flashcards
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what/when was the industrial revolution?
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the industrial revolution was the implication of industries to create machine produced goods; it occurred in Britain in the mid-1700's
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why did the industrial revolution begin in England?
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has natural resources, all the means of production, and an expanding economy
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Robert Fulton
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steamboat
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Richard Trevthick
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steam-driven locomative
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George Stephensen
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1st railroad line; the rocket
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how did advancements in transportation- steam and rail- revolutionize life in Great Britian?
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brought about industrial growth (railroads= cheap/fast transport), new jobs created (workers & miners), boosted England's agricultural & fishing industries, & made travel easier (encouraged country people to take city jobs)
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Why did class tensions grow because of the Industrial Revolution?
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due to the growth of the middle class; emerging middle class was looked down upon by landowners and aristocrats
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in what part of the U.S. did industrialization spread?
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Lowell, Massachusetts (1820) & later in cities like Chicago (due to location on railroad)
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What slowed industrialization for continental Europe?
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Revolution & Nepoleonic wars
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why did Belgium lead Europe in adopting industrialization?
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its iron ore, coal, & water trasportation
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what slowed industrialization in Germany? How did they overcome these obstacles?
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economic isolation and scattered resources slowed industrialization in Germany; Germany overcame these factors by copying British model (imported equipment & engineers/ sent children to learn trade) Germany also built railroads linking growing manufacturing cities w/ Ruhr Valley's coal & iron deposits
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Why did some European countries not industrialize?
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in some nations the social structure, geography, & transportation delayed industrialization
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How did industrialization lead to economic global inequality?
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increased competition btwn industrialized & under developed nations, as well as widening the wealth gap btwn them
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what was the longterm effect of industrialization?
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industrialization gave Europe tremendous economic power & revolutionized every aspect of society-popilation, health, & wealth eventually rose, and the development of a middle class created opportunities for edu. & democratic participation eventually fueling a powerful social reform
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What areas of the world are still being affected due to them not being fully industrialized?
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Africa & Asia are still underdeveloped
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What did business leaders & reformers disagree upon in the 19th century?
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they disagreed on the role of the government in economic & business affairs; business leaders believed the gov. should stay out, while the reformers believed the gov. should play an active role to improve conditions for the poor
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what was Adam Smiths theory of laissez-faire?
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hands-off gov; economic liberty= economic progress, thus gov. shouldn't interfere
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what were the 3 laws Smith based his theory of laissez-faire off of?
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3 laws of economics: law of self-interest, law of competition, and law of supply & demand
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What did Smith, Malthus, & Ricardo believe about gov. efforts to help poor workers?
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they opposed gov. efforts to help poor workers; they thought creating minimum wage laws & better working conditions would upset free market system, lower profits, & undermine the production of wealth in society
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What did Bentham argue about governments? what was his theory called?
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Bentham argued that the gov. should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest # of people; his theory was called utilitarianism
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what did John Stewart Mill work toward? why?
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John Stewart Mill lead a utilitarian movement calling for the government to get rid of the huge wealth gap (also reforms in edu. & legal/prison system); he did this because he wanted to help ordinary working people get a more equal division of profits- he thought it wrong that workers live deprived lives
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what did socialists argue?
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socialists argued that gov. control of factories, mines, railroads, & other key industries would end poverty and promote equality
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How did Marx believe the capitalist system would destroy itself?
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Marx believed factories would drive artisans out of business, leading to a small number of manufacturers controlling wealth; then the large proletariat (working class) would revolt, seize factories & mills from capitalists, & produce what society needed; workers would share profits= economic equality for all & control gov; AFTER A PERIOD OF COOPERATIVE LIVING & EDU., THE STATE WOULD BECOME CLASSLESS AND DESTROY ITSSELF
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Marx final phase— Communism?
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by communism Marx meant complete socialism, where the means of production would be owned by the people & all goods and services would be shared equally
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What revolutionaries were inspired by Marx?
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Lenin (Russia), Mao Zedong (China), & Fidel Castro (Cuba)
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why ddid workers create unions?
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workers created unions to speak as one joint voice to press for reforms (better wages and working conditions)
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why did gov. deny workers the right to unions?
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because gov. saw unions as a threat to social order & stability
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what reform laws were eventually passed?
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•the factory act of 1833- children under 9 couldn't work •Mines Act- women & children couldn't work underground •Ten Hrs Act of 1847- women & children couldn't work longer than 10hrs a day •National child labor committee-made to end child labor
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In what other areas did reform movement work towards change?
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reform movements also worked towards an end to slavery & to promote new rights for women and children
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what is a constitutional monarchy?
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a form of gov. where the monarch serves as the head of state, but parliament holds all the real power
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During the early 1800's what percent of people had the right to vote, who really ran the gov?
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during the early 1800's only about 5% of people had the right to vote, these people were the upperclass men with a large amount of land; thus the gov. was controlled by the upperclass
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why did British leaders pass the reform bill of 1832?
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British leaders passed the reform bill because they feared that the revolutionary violence, from the Revolution of 1830 in France, would spread to Britain
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what did the reform bill of 1832 do?
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the reform bill of 1832 eased the property requirements, allowing well-to-do middle class men the right to vote, it also modernized the districts for electing members of parliament & gave the thriving, new industrial cities more representation
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what did the Charist movement call for?
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the charist movement called for suffrage for all men & annual parliamentary elections, as well as other reforms to parliament
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when did queen Victoria come to throne and how long did she rule?
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Queen Victoria came to throne in 1837 at the age of 18 & ruled for nearly 64 years
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Queen Victoria was forced to accept less power than _____ & _____
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Parliament & House of Commons
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What methods did women use in Britain and the United States to fight for suffrage?
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organized reform societies & protested unfair laws/customs, when peaceful efforts failed Emmeline Pankhurst formed the woman's social & political union (WSPU), which became the most militant organization for women's rights
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What was the status of gov. in France between the yrs of 1871 & 1914?
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gov. was unstable and changed almost yearly; about a dozen political parties competed for power
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what type of gov. did France finally decide upon? how long did it last?
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in 1875 the National Assembly finally decided upon a republic; the 3rd republic lasted over 60 yrs.
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what was the zionist movement?
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the zionist movement was the movement for a jewish homeland in Palestine
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why was lord Durham sent to Canada? what did he report?
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Lord Durham was sent to Canada to investigate the rebellions which broke out in Upper and Lower Canada in the late 1830's; Durham urged 2 major reforms when he reported to Parliament- Upper & Lower Canada should be reunited as the providence of Canada, and British immigration should be encouraged, also colonists in the provinces of Canada should be allowed to govern themselves
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When did Canada become a dominion? what does that mean?
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the Dominion of Canada was est. in 1867; as a dominion Canada could self-govern its domestic affairs, but remained part of the British Empire
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the colonies of _____ & _____ gained self-rule along with Canada
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Australia & New Zeland
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who did the British sent to Australia at 1st?
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James Cook
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what methods did the Irish use in the struggle for independence (home rule)?
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the Irish formed an underground gov. & declared themselves independent
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What motivated the nations of Europe to engage in imperialist activities?
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Africa as a source for raw materials & a market for industrial trade goods
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what effect did the Boer war have on Africans?
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many were captured and left to die in concentration camps
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what are the forms of imperial rule?
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colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, & economic imperialism
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How did Ethiopia successfully resist European rule?
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through the leadership of Menelik II, he played the Italians, British, & French against each other
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why were European nations interested in controlling the Muslim lands?
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Europeans were interested in controlling the muslim lands due to geopolitics-interest in or taking of land for its strategic location of products
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Why did the British consider the Suez Canal to be the lifeline of their empire?
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because it connected the Red Sea & the Mediterranean Sea
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How was the economy of India transformed by the British?
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through India being Britain's supplier of Raw Materials- "the worlds workshop"
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what caused the sepoy rebellion?
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the soldiers refusing to accept their cartridges & being jailed led to the sepoy rebellion
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How did Siam remain independent while other countries were being colonized?
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because the Siam kings promoted it as neutral between France & Britain
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why was china not traditionally interested in trading with the west?
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because it was self-sufficient
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what changes did Guagxu's failed efforts at reform set in motion?
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the Boxer Rebellion, which created nationalism in china
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what events caused china to end its isolation and begin to wesernize?
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Mathew Perry's fleet of ships & Treaty of Kanagawa
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in what ways did Japan westernize & modernize?
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•sent diplomats to Europe and North America to study western ways •modeled their constitution off Germany's •modeled their army off Germany, and navy off British •adopted American school system- all kids must attend school •built railroad lines and industrialized
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what was the result of Japans imperialism?
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Japan became the strongest military power in Asia
