History Final Semester 1 – Flashcards
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direct democracy
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citizens participate directly in government, originated in Athens
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republic
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citizens have the right to vote and select their leaders
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10 Commandments
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written law code of the Jews
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Renaissance
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movement in the 1300s when Europeans became more focused on life and the importance of the individual
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divine right
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a call from God to govern
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democracy
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the idea that people can govern themselves
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aristocracy
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a state ruled by the noble class
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Judaism
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religion developed by the Hebrews
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Reformation
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a protest movement against the corruption and power of the Roman Catholic Church
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feudalism
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the political and economic system of the Middle Ages
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Parliament
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the lawmaking body of England in the 1700s
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Enlightenment
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an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th century
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federal system
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system of government in which powers are divided between the federal and state governments
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How was Democracy limited in Athens?
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only citizens in the top three classes could participate in government
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How did Roman laws influence democracy?
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the Code of Law, all citizens are innocent until proven guilty, the burden of proof lies with the beholder
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How did Judaism emphasize the worth of individual?
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everyone is equal under the eyes of God, we are created in His image
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What rights did the Magna Carta protect?
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individual rights and liberties, consent of the taxed, trial by jury, right to hold trial
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Old Regime
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the social and political system of France before the French revolution
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Three Estates
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the Bourgeoisie, the working class, the peasants
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National Assembly
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a group that formed as a result of unfair treatment of the Three Estates.
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Legislative Assembly
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what the National Assembly became in 1791
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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a statement of political and social rights published by the National Assembly
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Continental System
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Napoleon's policy of cutting Britain off from the rest of Europe
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Hundred Days
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Napoleon's last attempt at power
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Committee of Public Safety
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group lead by Robespierre that tried and killed many people
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Concert of Europe
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series of alliances to protect European countries against revolutions
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Congress of Vienna
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meeting of European nations to decide the fate of Europe after Napoleon
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What problems lead to the French Revolution?
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Weak leadership from Louis XVI, economic crisis from Marie Antoinette ("Madame Deficit"), enlightenment ideas from the American Revolution, and the Old Regime- 3rd estate problems (too much tax)
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What happened during Robespierre's reign in France?
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In efforts to uphold tradition, unity, and keep peace, he created the Committee of Public Safety, which only resulted in the trials and beheadings of thousands. His rule became known as the Reign of Terror.
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WHat did Napoleon do to bring back order in France?
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He seized power with coup d'etat, and crowned himself Emperor. He opened lycees (schools) based on meritocracy, created a better tax collection system, opposed the monarchy and created a new government with the plebiscite, and created the Napoleonic Code- a uniform set of laws for all of his empire to follow
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What were Napoleon's 3 big mistakes?
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Continental System- he tried to blockade Britain to keep them from trading, but Britain made a bigger one on the French Russian Invasion- invaded Russia in the winter. Russians used the slash and burn policy, leaving Napoleon in the middle of a blizzard, losing 300,000 men Peninsular War- invaded Spain because Portugal wouldn't follow the Continental system. Got attacked by guerillas and lost 10,000 men
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What ideas did Metternich bring to the Congress of Vienna?
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balance of power, legitimacy, containment of France
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nationalism
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a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
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Balkans
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a region controlled by the Ottomans
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Camillo de Cavour
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unified the northern part of Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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united the southern part of Italy
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Otto von Bismark
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leader of Prussia, created Germany by unifying surrounding countries
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Jose de San Martin
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liberator of Chile and Cuba
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Louis-Napoleon
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Napoleon's nephew who ruled after Napoleon, emperor of France
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Why was nationalism a force for change in Europe?
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Each country wanted to be better than the next. It influenced and encouraged imperialism. It gave independence by unifying Italy and Germany, but also divided Greece and Russia
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How did Otto von Bismark unite Germany?
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He used geopolitik, incited the Franco-German war because he would win and gain control, began a confederation of German states
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What new artistic movements began in Europe in this time?
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Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism
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What was the agricultural revolution, and what caused it?
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Improvement of farming methods because of new and more efficient inventions
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What inventions played a key role in the early development of the Industrial Revolution?
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spinning jenny, water frame, steam engine, power loom, railroads, telegraph
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How did the Industrial Revolution change cities?
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It made cities more crowded, polluted, and dirty. There were unhealthy living conditions, such as overpopulation, little food, little space, no toilets, disease
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Name two countries in which industrialization got an early start. Explain why.
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Great Britain- factors of production United States- factors of production and inventors from Great Britain
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factors of production
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land, labor, capitol
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What were the major negative effects the industrialization had on society.
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Poor working conditions- dirty and unsafe, long hours, low wages. Poor living conditions- overpopulation, disease. Child labor, pollution
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Imperialism
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control over a weak nation by a stronger nation
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racism
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belief that one race is superior to others
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Social Darwinism
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the use of the theory of evolution to explain human societies
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paternalism
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governing in a "fatherly" way by providing for needs but not giving rights
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assimilation
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absorbing the colonized people into the culture of the imperialist nation
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King Mongkut
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leader who modernized Siam
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Queen Liliuokalani
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last ruler of Hawaii
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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leader of Filipino nationalists
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Shaka
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Zulu chief who created a large estate
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Menelik II
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leader of Ethiopian resistance
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Explain what happened in the scramble for Africa. Tell which nations remained independent.
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Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal, and Italy all controlled certain areas in Africa. Ethiopia and Liberia stayed independent.
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Explain why indirect control of Nigeria didn't work
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Some Nigerians weren't willing to sign treaties with the British, so they rebelled and got put down quickly.
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Why was the Crimean War fought, and what happened?
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Russians fought the Ottomans over a peninsula in the Black Sea. Britain and France joined the Ottomans so Russia wouldn't win.
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How did Indians rebel against British power?
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At the battle of Plassey, the east india company defeated the indian forces. They were forced to be slaves.
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How was Siam different from the other countries?
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Siam remained independent, and modernized itself under King Mongkut.
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Open Door policy
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policy that gave all nations an opportunity to trade in China
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Treaty of Kanagawa
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agreement to open two Japanese ports to American ships
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Boxer Rebellion
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revolt against foreign influence in China
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Taiping Rebellion
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revolt against the Qing dynasty
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Roosevelt Corollary
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the United States are the international police, and European countries can't colonize in the western hemisphere.
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Why did the Taiping rebellion occur?
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Hong X and his followers believed in China being a "heavenly kingdom of great"
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Who was Cixi
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Dowager empress in the Qing Dynasty, created some reforms, but mainly stuck to old traditions
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What occurred in Japan during the Meji Era?
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Western influence and modernization. Japan took education from the US, copied Britain's navy, Germany's military and government.
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In what ways did the United States both help and hurt and the Cuban people?
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they helped Cuba gain independence from Spain, but continued to exert military power over them
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Describe how Japan acted on its feelings of pride and strength in the late 1800s.
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Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese war, defeated china in the Sino-japanese war. He annexed Korea.
