Unit 4 Retake – Flashcards
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What was an effect of Luther's assertion? The pope cannot remit [forgive] any guilt, except by declaring and showing that it has been remitted [forgiven] by God . . . . —Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses Standard
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The authority of Church officials was questioned.
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A prince, therefore, ought always to take counsel, but only when he wishes and not when others wish; he ought rather to discourage every one from offering advice unless he asks it; but, however, he ought to be a constant inquirer, and afterwards a patient listener concerning the things of which he inquired; also, on learning that any one, on any consideration, has not told him the truth, he should let his anger be felt. —Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532 What was the effect for rulers who applied the principles of this Renaissance political philosopher?
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reduced influence of nobles
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Use the table below to answer the question. Cause Effect Renaissance in Europe ? Which phrase best completes this table?
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The Protestant Reformation
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Which book was authored by Niccolò Machiavelli?
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A The Prince
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What is significant about this act? Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is . . . the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm . . . be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be . . . the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England. . . . —Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII, 1534
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increased tensions during the Protestant Reformation.
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Queen Elizabeth I influenced British society by
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establishing an official religion.
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The invention of the telegraph greatly increased communication. Which of the following inventions had a similar effect?
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the printing press
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Reformation was a major historical turning point because it
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encouraged individual interpretation of sacred scriptures
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Use the excerpt below to answer the question. No sheriff, royal official, or other person shall take horses or carts for transport from any free man, without his consent. —Magna Carta Which principle of the government is reflected in this excerpt?
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Government is subject to the rule of law.
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Which aspect of the Renaissance is shown in this information about Florence? The welling up of civic pride that overflowed in public building was brought on by that remarkable course of events from the end of the thirteenth to the beginning of the fifteenth century that transformed the Florentine state . . . During the century and a half at the building of the town hall and ending at the crowning of the cathedral with Brunelleschi's cupola, Florence put its internal affairs into an impressive new order . . . and asserted itself as a major Italian power. —Richard A. Goldthwaite
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economic prosperity of city-states
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What was one direct result of the reforms described below? Reforms of Protestant Reformation • Religion should be personal, immediate, and based on faith • Focus on the scriptures and abolish ritualistic ceremony • Increase literacy so all could read the Bible in their own language
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Development of new faiths
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Below are some descriptions of an invention. • Invented in Germany in 1448 • Used movable blocks to set type • Some blocks created to replicate handwriting How did this invention contribute to the Scientific Revolution? • Invented in Germany in 1448 • Used movable blocks to set type • Some blocks created to replicate handwriting How did this invention contribute to the Scientific Revolution? • Invented in Germany in 1448 • Used movable blocks to set type • Some blocks created to replicate handwriting
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by expanding access to new ideas
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What was one major effect of the invention of the printing press?
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helped facilitate the spread of religious ideas.
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How were the works of Leonardo da Vinci an example of the importance of the Renaissance?
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Perspective and dimension were emphasized in paintings.
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Use the excerpt below to answer the question. . . . I say that every prince ought to desire to be considered clement [pleasant] and not cruel. Nevertheless he ought to take care not to misuse this clemency. . . Therefore a prince, so long as he keeps his subjects united and loyal, ought not to mind the reproach of cruelty; because . . he will be more merciful than those who through too much mercy, allow disorders to arise . . . —Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532 What was one effect of the idea expressed in this excerpt?
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an increase in royal authority
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Use the list below to answer the question. Characteristics of the Renaissance • Cultural achievements were financed by cities. • Classical texts and art were valued and studied. • ? Which statement best completes this list? Standard
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People embraced secular ideas.
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Protestant reformer preached the idea of predestination?
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John Calvin
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Which invention helped fuel the Renaissance?
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Printing press
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Which effect did Johannes Gutenberg's invention have on Europe?
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Printing allowed ideas to be spread rapidly throughout the continent.
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Use the excerpt below to answer the question. • They preach no Christian doctrine who teach that contrition is not necessary in those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory or to buy confessionalia. • Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon. • Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon. —95 Theses, Martin Luther, 1517 Which statement best explains one immediate effect of these declarations?
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People began to redefine the doctrines of Christianity.
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Use the list below to answer the question. • Decline in papal authority • Rise in nation building • Increase in Enlightenment thinking Which phrase best describes the results in this list?
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spread of Reformation ideas in Europe
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Which period best completes this diagram?
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The Protestant Reformation
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Which statement best explains how corruption in the Catholic Church affected Europeans during the 1400s?
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Individuals began to question the Pope's authority.
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Explain the schism of the Catholic church and the birth of protestant faith. Be sure to explain the differences of multiple protostant sects.
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The schism of the catholic church was caused by the protestant reformation. With Martin Luther as their leader, people began to realize how corrupt and unjust the teachings of the church were. First it was just a few who began to go against catholic rule but once Luther wrote his book 95 Theses people began to understand what was wrong. With the help of the printing press Martin's word was spread far and wide to people all over. The followers of the church began to rebel and destroy everything that was related to the catholic religion. Luther was outraged by this because this is not what he had planned. He wanted the church to change not fall apart. What really created the split of the catholic church was when Luther translated the entire bible into vernacular language. This allowed all the people of germany to read the bible themselves and take what they wanted from it instead of just believing in what the pope took from it. Everyone was allowed to make their own opinion on what everything meant and how to interpret it. With the creation of this new vernacular bible, people finally realized that you do not have to buy indulgences to release yourself or others from purgatory. As more and more people began to break away from the church they turned to protestant faith.
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Which political contrast of early civilizations in the Americas is correct?
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Aztec had an empire, while the Maya had city-states.
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Ancient Aztec Civilization Location Located in the Andean region Located in central Mexico Religion Religion based on multiple gods Religion based on multiple gods Writing Used knotted strings for record keeping Used pictographic symbols for writing Political System ? ? Which statements complete the table?
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Empire ruled by monarch and Empire ruled by monarch
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Which feature was common to both the Mayan and Aztec civilizations?
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stratified social structure dominated by the priesthood
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Which change resulted from the fall of the western Roman Empire?
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The use of established trade routes declined.
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Which concept is Plato expressing in this excerpt? When men have both done and suffered injustice and have had experience of both . . . they think that they had better agree among themselves to have neither. . . . —Plato, The Republic: Book II
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popular sovereignty
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Which development was an accomplishment of the Mauryan Empire?
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the establishment of Buddhism in Southeast Asia
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Which statement best describes the effect Islamic caliphates had on Europe during the Middle Ages?
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Increased Islamic trade with Europe led to a more complex economy.
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Use the list below to answer the question. ? • City-state government • Cuneiform writing • Lunar calendar Which title would best describe this list?
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Influences of Sumerian Civilization
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Use the table below to answer the question. Cause Effect The conquest of Constantinople by Muslim forces ? Which effect best completes the table?
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Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
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Which statement would best describe a result of the fall of the western Roman Empire?
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Nobles established large manors
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Which phrase best summarizes a change that resulted from the Mongol invasions of Russia?
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greater unity within the Russian Ortthodox church
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Use the excerpt below to answer the question. Now the first way to end the schism is that both parties should entirely renounce and resign all rights which they may have or claim to have to the papal office. . . . But if both cling tenaciously [stubbornly] to their rights and refuse to resign, as they have done up to now, we would propose the way of arbitration [negotiation]. . . . If the rival popes, after being urged in a brotherly and friendly manner will not accept either of the above ways, there is a third way which we propose as an excellent remedy for this sacrilegious [offensive] schism. We mean that the matter shall be left to a general council. —"The University of Paris and the schism, 1393" A Source Book for Medieval History, 1905 How did this situation contribute to the end of the Middle Ages in Europe
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by leading to questions about papal authority
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Use the excerpt below to answer the question. By the [feudal] Lord before whom this sanctuary is holy, I will . . . be true and faithful, and love all which he loves and shun all which he shuns, according to the laws of God and the order of the world. Nor will I ever with will or action, through word or deed, do anything which is unpleasing to him. . . . —I: An Anglo Saxon Form of Commendation, Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen Which condition led to Medieval Era vows like the one in this excerpt?
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the need for protection from invading forces
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Which factor led to the development of manorialism?
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the collapse of an economy
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Which leader allowed for the birth of the Protestant Reformation in England?
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Henry VIII
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How did the Medici family gain control of Florence?
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Made many connections to ruling families and the Catholic Church by granting large loans
