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"I Have A Dream" Speech

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A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

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101st airborne division

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sent by Eisenhower to protect the little rock nine and enforce integration. Only goal was to keep the little rock nine alive

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14th amendment

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declared that all persons born in the US were citizenship, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights and their rights were protected by due process

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16th street Baptist church

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racially motivated terrorist attack on September 15, 1963, by members of a Ku Klux Klan group in Birmingham, Alabama in the United States. The bombing of the African-American church resulted in the deaths of four girls. The bombing increased support for people working for civil rights.

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Albany Movement

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was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, quickly became a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city. Bus stations, libraries, and lunch counters reserved for White Americans were occupied by African Americans, boycotts were launched, and hundreds of protesters marched on City Hall. SNCC and NAACP were involved

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Andrew Goodman

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a college student from New York who went to Mississippi; disappeared with James Chaney and Michael Schwerner; had been murdered and buried; deaths shocked Americans (they were white)

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Birmingham

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Alabama city against equal rights; peaceful marches in 1963 were broken up brutally by city police. Where MLK organized non-violent protests

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Boynton V. Virginia

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1960's ruling. declared bus segregation unconstitutional; ended segregation in all parts of the bus transportation including the bathrooms, waiting rooms, water fountains, and diners

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brown v. Topeka Board of Education

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1954- Court agreed with Thurgood Marshall that segregated schools were inherently unequal thus violating the 14th amendment.

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Central High School

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The site of forced school desegregation during the American Civil Rights Movement. Nine black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

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COFO

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Council of Federated Organization - launched freedom vote movement - gave African American parties in registering and voting. Included all of the major civil rights groups who came together for Freedom Summer

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CORE

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civil rights organization that played a pivotal role in the civil rights movement of the 20th century, associated with the FREEDOM RIDERS, used nonviolent tactics

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Daisy Bates

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Arkansas President of the NAACP. Supported integration in Central High

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Herbert Brownwell

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Eisenhower's attorney general who justified E's response to not responding to the Little Rock 9 crisis in favor of civil rights

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James Farmer

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Civil rights leader who founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

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Ella Baker

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Executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

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William Simmons

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revived the Ku Klux Klan, devoted to 100% Americanism and restricted its membership to native-born white Protestants. No longer just restricted to the South, chapters were now all over the country.

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Diane Nash

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An African-American woman who was very involved in the civil rights movement, including the SCLC and the founding of SNCC. Nash was involved in planning the Freedom Rides and took over when CORE (who had originally organized the rides) bailed after the riders encountered severe violence, refusing to quit in the face of adversity. Nash also helped organize the voting movement in Selma, Alabama.

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Elizabeth Eckford

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One of the Little Rock Nine who did not get the message not to come to school. She went to school by herself and an angry Mob followed her there.

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Emmett Till

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Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

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Ernest Green

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First black senior to successfully graduate Central High. One of the little rock nine

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Bull Connor

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He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

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Fannie Lou Hammer

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Hammer began her involvement in civil rights activism in the summer of 1962. She organized the Mississippi Freedom Summer and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Also in 1964 helped fund the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party which later she was the Vice-Chair of during the democratic convention.

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Freedom Rides

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The rides first ride took place on May 4th 1961. Buses in the south were segregated which at the time, violated federal law. The rides were a plan for civil rights activist, both white and colored, to ride busses into the south to protest this segregation. In many places, including Birmingham and Anniston, busses were stopped, mobbed by whites and destroyed, riders usually ended up beaten or arrested

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Freedom Summer

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The Freedom Summer took place in June 1964. It was a plan to send African American workers and voters into Mississippi in an attempt to desegregate the state. Volunteers set up houses, schools, and community centers to help the black population. The Freedom Summer was created by the Council of Federated Organizations, including CORE, SNCC, NAACP, and SCLC.

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Gov. Orval Faubus

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1957 stand against the desegregation of Little Rock public schools during the Little Rock Crisis, in which he defied a unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from attending Little Rock Central High School.

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Greensboro NC

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The sit-ins were nonviolent protests in Greensboro North Carolina which occurred on February 1st, 1960. Black students sat at a segregated lunch counter in a Woolworth store. Many students came to join the next day even though they were continually refused service. The sit in continued in other local stores and towns in the state and later spread to other states in the south. Students began to boycott other stores and eventually the segregated policies were dropped including Woolworth. This event became very influential to other black protests.

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James Chaney

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Chaney took part in a Freedom Ride in 1962. He was murdered by the KKK during the freedom summer. He and two other white men went missing and was later found dead and beaten (more harshly than the others).

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James Lawson

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Lawson practiced nonviolence throughout his life. As a young adult he joined CORE. In 1962 he became a pasture, this was when he really started his work in civil rights activism. He became a mentor in the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

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John Lewis

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chairman of SNCC and led people across Edmund petus bridge in events in Selma Alabama

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Kenneth Clarke

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was a philologist who studied effects of segregation on black children, used in brown v. board of ed

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Lyndon Johnson

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1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

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Malcolm X

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1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

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Mamie Till Bradley

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purposely had an open casket funeral to show everyone how mutilated her son was and got the message to the press -- people were horrified and mobilized

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March on Washington

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In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

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U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

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Michael Schwerner

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A white CORE member that investigated burning of black churches, was murdered in Mississippi during the civil rights movement along with Chaney and Goodman

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Minnie Jean Brown

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one of the 9 black students, was expelled for retaliating by pouring chili on a white kid

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Mississippi Free Democratic Party

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Created in the summer of 1964 and organized by SNCC during Freedom Summer. Fought for voting rights in Mississippi, they held mock elections and set a group of delegrates to the Democratic Convention asking to be seated as members of the Democratic Party so they could represent themselves. They were only given two seats as a compromise with Lydon B. Johnson. They were not happy with the compromise.

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Mose Wright

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Moses Wright's testimony in the trial of his great-nephew, Emmett Till accused killers would go down in history as one of the bravest moments of the civil rights movement

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NAACP

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

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Nashville Sit Ins

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Feb. 13, 1960 - Sit-ins were staged at numerous stores in Nashville's central business district. Sit-in participants, who consisted mainly of black college students, were often verbally or physically attacked by white onlookers. Despite their refusal to retaliate, over 150 students were eventually arrested for refusing to vacate store lunch counters when ordered to do so by police.

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Nonviolent Resistance

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A method of protest that draws attention to a problem without using violence. proven to be very successful

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal "separate but equal"

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Project C

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When Martin Luther King Jr. and SNCC held a non violent protest in Birmingham Alabama extremely effective because the media portrayed the horrible way that the police officers and firefighters dealt protest led to JFK's announcement of a civil rights bill.

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Rosa Parks

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1955, United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

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SCLC

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Southern Cristian Leadership Conference (SCLC): Dr. King, the president, founded SCLC in 1957. The goal was to create an organization that would use nonviolent direct action as a strategy to desegregate the south, in particular the bus system. However many churches in the south were hesitant to join because of the risk associated with civil disobedience. Despite this, SCLC had many achievements. Birmingham Alabama and Albany Georgia were two major cities that contributed to the success of the organization. Finally the march on Washington on July 2nd, 1963 which was a major win when over 200,000 people came to nonviolently protest.

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Selma March

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A protest in Alabama from the city in the answer to Montgomery, the capital of the state over 50 miles away. It initially was met with violence from state troopers, who attacked the protestors with whips, clubs, and tear gas. President Johnson was forced to place the Alabama National Guard under federal control, and sent troops in to protect the people in the protests. The march had also been broadcast over national TV, and people who were outraged at treatment by the officers or supporters of the movement joined in, swelling the ranks to over 25,000 by the end.

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SNCC

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(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

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Southern Manifesto

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response to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. Stated that people were against the decision. was important because it was signed be people I congress showing that the government was against desegregation

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered to vote and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

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