Combo with "Psychology Chapter 10" and 1 other - Flashcards

question

Dr. Spinella's research focuses on the effects of early parenting practices on future behavioural tendencies of children. It is most likely that Dr. Spinella is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. developmental b. industrial/organizational c. physiological d. environmental

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a

question

What psychological disorder did the Genain quadruplets all have? a. Schizophrenia b. Autism c. Learning disabilities d. Bipolar disorder

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a

question

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? a. Believing that because someone is specially trained, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete b. Believing that because someone has benefitted from the best coaching, he or she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete c. Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete d. Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes

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d

question

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.

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c

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A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.

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c

question

A researcher has studied a group of patients who have a rare terminal type of cancer, and has found that they all were regular cranberry juice drinkers. He concluded that drinking cranberry juice led to the development of the rare cancer. In this case, the researcher has most likely made an error in judgment due to a. bidirectional influences. b. the availability heuristic. c. cohort effects. d. the post hoc fallacy.

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d

question

Dr. Brady studies parenting practices and childhood dispositions. He has found a relationship between the two variables, and concludes that if parents treat their children with warmth and care, then their children will be well-adjusted and emotionally healthy. What problem would be associated with Dr. Brady's conclusion? a. The post hoc fallacy b. Bidirectional influences c. Cohort effects d. Confirmation bias

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b

question

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

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b

question

In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

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b

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Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively inexpensive. c. It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

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d

question

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

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b

question

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

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d

question

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

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d

question

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively expensive. c. It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

answer

a

question

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, etc., to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a a. longitudinal design. b. cross-sectional design. c. cohort research design. d. correlational research design.

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a

question

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative? a. Longitudinal design b. Cross-sectional design c. Cohort research design d. Correlational research design

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a

question

Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? a. Case study research design b. Cohort research design c. Correlational research design d. Cross-sectional research design

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a

question

Cohort effects are to _________________ as developmental effects are to __________________. a. nurture; nature b. correlations; experiments c. cross-sectional designs; longitudinal designs d. genetics; environment

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c

question

Dr. Kiwanis is conducting a longitudinal study on the development of externalizing behaviours in children. He samples children each year as they age, but has found that each year, his sample size is getting smaller because families are dropping out of the study. This is called ___________. a. developmental effects b. cohort effects c. attrition d. infant determinism

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c

question

Dr. Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life, as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development. Which view of development is consistent with Dr. Aragio's advice? a. Childhood fragility b. Infant determinism c. Resiliency hypothesis d. Constructivism

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b

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Which of the following is not one of the intersections of nature and nurture in developmental psychology? a. Gene expression b. Gene-environment interactions c. Natural selection of traits d. Nature via nurture

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c

question

________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a. Nature; nurture b. Cognition; emotion c. Nurture; behavioural genetics d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal

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a

question

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a. Nature versus nurture b. Cognition versus emotion c. Classical versus operant conditioning d. Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

answer

a

question

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? a. Nature b. Nurture c. School district superintendent d. Teacher appraisals of performance

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b

question

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child, who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________ as evidenced in the _____________________. a. nurture; nature versus nurture controversy b. nature; nature versus nurture controversy c. environmental factors; conception theory d. teratogens; conception theory

answer

b

question

Sally has genes that predispose her to anxiety problems. However, she was not an anxious person until she was the victim of a mugging. This provides an example of the phenomenon of _______________. a. nature via nurture b. gene expression c. infant determinism d. gene-environment interaction

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b

question

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? a. Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behaviour. b. People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behaviour. c. Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment. d. Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.

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d

question

The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal

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b

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The term ________ refers to a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part. a. embryo b. blastocyst c. fetus d. neonate

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b

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The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal

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d

question

Which of the following describes the fetal period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

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d

question

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? a. Blastocyst b. Embryonic c. Zygotic d. Fetal

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d

question

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) a. blastocyst. b. embryo. c. zygote. d. genome.

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c

question

In the process of fertilization the ________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell. a. sperm; egg b. zygote; sperm c. embryo; zygote d. egg; fetus

answer

a

question

Which of the following describes the embryonic period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

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b

question

Tara is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tara currently experiencing? a. Fetal b. Embryonic c. Placental d. Germinal

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b

question

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only 2 cm long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the a. fetal stage. b. embryonic stage. c. placental stage. d. germinal stage.

answer

b

question

A fertilized cell is called a(n) ______________ when it consists of identical cells that have not begun to take on specific functions, and a(n) ______________ once the cells begin to differentiate and form bodily structures and organs. a. zygote; embryo b. blastocyst; fetus c. embryo; fetus d. blastocyst; embryo

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d

question

At what point in a pregnancy has the heart begun to beat in the developing child? a. By 18 days after fertilization b. By the ninth week c. By the second trimester d. At the moment of birth

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b

question

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect? a. Teratogen b. Critical period c. Carcinogen d. Biohazard

answer

a

question

Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing? a. Nicotine b. Cocaine c. Marijuana d. Alcohol

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d

question

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant? a. Increased birth weight and lethargy b. Lower birth weight and short stature c. Severe hearing loss and heart defects d. Severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

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b

question

The process of _______________ is responsible for the remarkable rate of neural development in the fetal brain. a. proliferation b. neural plasticity c. neural migration d. neurogenesis

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a

question

Which of the following is not an example of a teratogen? a. A mother contracting the H1N1 flu during pregnancy b. A mother consuming alcoholic beverages during pregnancy c. A mother who uses harsh chemicals to colour and perm her hair d. A mother who suffers from depression while she is pregnant

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c

question

Problems such as ___________________ pose a higher risk of infant death, infection, and developmental disorders than premature delivery. a. low birth weight b. difficult labour and delivery c. lack of nourishment from breast milk d. overdue delivery

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a

question

The viability point, the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive on their own is around ____________weeks. a. 18 b. 25 c. 36 d. 40

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b

question

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to a. open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. b. close the eyes when startled by loud noises. c. cry when approached by unfamiliar people. d. stand up and attempt to walk when placed on the knees.

answer

a

question

Infant reflexes are a. innate involuntary behaviour patterns. b. voluntary behaviour patterns. c. learned. d. not used as a means for survival.

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a

question

Allison is a new mother, and notices that when she gently touches her daughter's cheek, she opens her mouth and tries to suck on Allison's finger. This reflex is called the a. sucking reflex. b. rooting reflex. c. babkin reflex. d. moro reflex.

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b

question

_______________ is learned through trial and error, whereas _______________ is a reflexive behaviour. a. Grasping; rooting b. Walking; grasping c. Crawling; sucking d. Standing; crawling

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c

question

Research on children's development of motor milestones suggests that a. this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures. b. motor developments are dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by our biological changes. c. motor development is purely an environmental process, and is not limited by physiological constraints. d. while there are physiological limits on development, parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development.

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d

question

Which of the following infants is most likely to have the fastest motor development? a. An infant born in Peru b. An infant born in the West Indies c. An infant born in Northern Canada to an Inuit family d. An infant born in China

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b

question

Over the course of development, the absolute size of the head continues to ______________, but grows at a _____________ rate than the torso or legs. a. decrease; slower b. increase; slower c. decrease; faster d. decrease; faster

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b

question

The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 5 months old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

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d

question

The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 26 years old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

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a

question

The body's reproductive organs are called a. thyroid glands. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. adrenal glands.

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b

question

Breast development is to ______________ sex characteristics as penis enlargement is to ______________ sex characteristics. a. primary; primary b. primary; secondary c. secondary; primary d. secondary; secondary

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c

question

What is the best explanation for why the age of menarche has decreased over the past century from around 15 to around 13 years of age? a. Advances in technology correspond to an earlier age of being able to carry an infant to term. b. Evolutionary changes are linked to taller and more physically strong women that develop earlier. c. The change is probably due primarily to better nutrition and health care. d. The decrease reflects the revolving cycle where women are having children younger and, in turn, the age of reproduction of their children is younger, and so on.

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c

question

Physical maturity is most closely related to the onset of which of the following? a. Spermarche b. Menarche c. Androgens d. Secondary sex characteristics

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b

question

During menarche adolescents experience a. the end of menstruation. b. the first ejaculation. c. the start of menstruation. d. voice changes.

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c

question

Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? a. Voice change b. Ovaries c. Sperm d. Genitals

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a

question

Puberty is associated with the onset of a. generativity. b. menopause. c. menarche. d. dementia.

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c

question

Menopause refers to a. the loss of sexual interest occurring in late adulthood. b. the onset of puberty in early adulthood. c. the loss of sexual potency in late adulthood. d. the end of the menstruation period in middle adulthood.

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d

question

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

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c

question

Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

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c

question

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

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c

question

Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing a. hot flashes. b. depression. c. a significant loss of appetite. d. a significant loss of physical energy.

answer

a

question

______________ tasks are more affected by aging in adulthood relative to ___________ tasks. a. Cognitive; motor b. Simple; cognitive c. Complex; simple d. Motor; complex

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c

question

Researchers who study ___________________ examine how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember. a. moral development b. cognitive development c. psychosocial development d. emotional development

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b

question

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial

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a

question

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial

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a

question

Theories of cognitive development can be differentiated based on all of the following except a. whether development was stagelike or continuous. b. what was proposed as the principle source of learning. c. whether changes resulted from environmental or genetic influences. d. whether developmental accounts were domain-general or domain-specific.

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c

question

Piaget believed that cognitive change is marked by _______________, which refers to maintaining a balance between our experience in the world and our thoughts about it. a. assimilation b. equilibration c. accommodation d. constructivism

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b

question

According to Piaget, what are the two adjustment processes that children use to maintain equilibration? a. Sensorimotor experiences and egocentrism b. Concrete and formal operations c. Accommodation and assimilation d. Object permanence and conservation

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c

question

According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of a. conservation and scaffolding. b. maturation and conservation. c. egocentrism and constructivism. d. assimilation and accommodation.

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d

question

Sarah has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behaviour of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of a. assimilation. b. conservation. c. equilibration. d. accommodation.

answer

a

question

Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates a. equilibration. b. accommodation. c. conservation. d. assimilation.

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b

question

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

answer

b

question

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations b. Concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations c. Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations d. Preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations

answer

c

question

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

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c

question

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.

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b

question

During the sensorimotor stage, children lack both object permanence and ________________. a. conservation b. deferred imitation c. egocentrism d. preoperations

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b

question

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.

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b

question

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behaviour suggest she is in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

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c

question

According to Piaget, ___________ represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought. a. conservation b. object permanence c. centration d. egocentrism

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b

question

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

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b

question

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage? a. Abstract concepts b. Object permanence c. Hypothetical thinking d. Egocentrism

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d

question

What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own? a. Disparity b. Narcissism c. Egocentrism d. Autonomy

answer

c

question

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as a. centration. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. reversibility.

answer

c

question

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

answer

d

question

In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

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d

question

Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

answer

a

question

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is a. irreversibility. b. egocentrism. c. abstract thinking. d. logical thinking.

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c

question

Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operational thought? a. Thinking about what is possible b. Thinking about what is logical c. Thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight d. Thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration

answer

a

question

Piaget's theory provided a ________________ account of cognitive development, and Vygotsky's theory was considered a _________________. a. stagelike; continuous b. continuous; stagelike c. domain-specific; domain-general d. domain-general; domain-specific

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d

question

During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

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d

question

Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

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c

question

When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed a. object permanence. b. equilibration. c. assimilation. d. conservation.

answer

a

question

According to Piaget, egocentrism involves a. the perception that others view the world as you do. b. the perception that things exist even if not picked up by your senses. c. the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments. d. the perception that others view the world differently than you do.

answer

a

question

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents a. difficulty with formal operational tasks. b. an inability to accommodate. c. an inability to conserve. d. an inability to assimilate.

answer

c

question

Piaget overestimated the degree to which a. prenatal factors influence the rate at which skills emerge. b. cultural factors influence the rate of skill development. c. social factors influence skill development. d. object permanence develops in children.

answer

d

question

An inability to perform conservation tasks is associated with the _____________ stage, whereas children lacking in object permanence would be in the _____________ stage. a. concrete operational; preoperational b. preoperational; sensorimotor c. sensorimotor; concrete operational d. formal operational; preoperational

answer

b

question

A seven-year-old is asked to imagine he has a third eye, which could be placed anywhere on the body. When asked where he would like to place the extra eye, the seven-year-old is likely to say a. "Between my other two eyes." b. "On my back." c. "In the palm of my hand." d. "In my stomach."

answer

a

question

Which of the following is not a criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. The methodologies may be culturally biased. b. Children's ability to report their reasoning influenced interpretations. c. Children's development may be more stagelike than Piaget believed. d. Some children operated at different stage levels for different tasks.

answer

c

question

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? a. Preoperational b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Sensorimotor

answer

c

question

Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. concrete operations d. preoperational

answer

c

question

According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operations

answer

d

question

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to ________ as conservation is to ________. a. preoperations; formal operations b. preoperations; concrete operations c. formal operations; preoperations d. concrete operations; formal operations

answer

b

question

Piaget's theory applies to such topics as a. predicting cognitive developmental gains in college students. b. exploring gender differences in cognitive development. c. creating lesson plans for first grade students. d. designing high school curricula for gifted and talented students.

answer

c

question

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first prime minister were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Formal operations d. Concrete operations

answer

c

question

Piaget acknowledged that some children progressed more in one cognitive domain than another, a phenomenon he called _____________. a. cross-stage progression b. perioperational c. horizontal décalage d. multimodal cognition

answer

c

question

Nathan is trying to construct a pendulum to figure out what makes a pendulum swing faster or slower. At his current stage of cognitive development, he is unable to successfully construct this himself, but is receptive to learning the skill with the assistance of others. According to Vygotsky, what developmental stage is Nathan at? a. Scaffolding b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Zone of proximal development

answer

d

question

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from a. genetics. b. biological maturation. c. innate intelligence. d. scaffolding.

answer

d

question

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to a. biological changes in the brain. b. unconscious factors. c. interaction between a child and skilled people. d. completing activities in isolation.

answer

c

question

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development? a. Balanced diet b. Social interactions c. Genetic endowment d. Successful resolution of psychosocial crises

answer

b

question

Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning? a. One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding. b. All children pass through the same cognitive developmental stages at similar points in time. c. One's course of cognitive development is genetically fixed and cannot be significantly influenced by social factors. d. To prevent frustration, children should be presented with tasks that they can fully complete unaided.

answer

a

question

As compared to Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to a. stand upright for the first time. b. speak for the first time. c. crawl for the first time. d. cross a street safely for the first time.

answer

d

question

Most contemporary theories of cognitive development differ from both Piaget and Vygotsky as they argue that learning is a. dependent on personality factors. b. gradual rather than stagelike. c. based on general domains rather than modules. d. dependent on innate knowledge not social interaction.

answer

b

question

Which is true concerning research related to the "Mozart Effect"? a. No evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. b. Currently the market for classical music videos and toys has dropped off. c. Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. d. Strong evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.

answer

c

question

Which of the following is not one of the flags of critical thinking that is related to the Mozart Effect? a. Occam's razor b. Ruling out rival hypotheses c. Falsifiability d. Replicability

answer

b

question

The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects a. a pro-nurture perspective. b. a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability. c. a pro-nature perspective. d. a belief that cognitive ability is genetically determined.

answer

a

question

If little Timmy is given an object permanence task where his response is not reliant on physical coordination, research suggests that he should demonstrate an understanding of object permanence by a. around 5 months old. b. around 8 months old. c. around 12 months old. d. around 16 months old.

answer

a

question

Research has demonstrated that children learn ____________________ very early in cognitive development, and prefer novel stimuli to pictures of stimuli they are already familiar with. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. categorization d. conservation

answer

c

question

Both infants and adults may hold misconceptions about the behaviour of physical objects in the world. This is known as ______________. a. object impermanence b. naïve physics c. personal fables d. theory of mind

answer

b

question

In tests of self-concept, approximately how old are infants before they can recognize themselves in a mirror as distinct from another child? a. Approximately 5 months old b. Approximately 1 year old c. Approximately 1.5 years old d. Approximately 2 years old

answer

b

question

Researchers are testing 3 groups of children aged 2½, 3½, and 4½ years old. In order to determine whether they have attained theory of mind, they give each group of children the ___________ task, which examines children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong. a. conservation b. object permanence c. self-concept d. false belief

answer

d

question

At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a a. sense of self-reflection. b. theory of mind. c. sense of identity. d. self-concept.

answer

b

question

What is one of the most difficult mathematical concepts for children to master? a. Counting in a numerical series. b. That the size of entities is irrelevant to quantity. c. Numeric words refer to specific quantities of an object. d. The ordinality of numbers.

answer

b

question

Johnny has two mini-donuts and his sister has two full-sized donuts. Johnny's understanding that he and his sister have the same number of donuts even though hers are bigger illustrates that he a. knows that numbers are an amount. b. knows that number words refer to specific quantities. c. knows that the size of entities isn't relevant to quantity. d. knows that numbers are ordered from smallest to largest in quantity.

answer

c

question

Jerry is considered a reckless 17-year old by his parents. He often engages in risky behaviour, drives too fast, has been caught experimenting with drugs and alcohol, and has gotten into numerous fights with peers. From a biological perspective, Jerry's behaviour can be explained by a lack of maturation of the ______________ until late adolescence or early adulthood. a. hypothalamus b. parietal lobes c. frontal lobes d. limbic system

answer

c

question

According to David Elkind, adolescents who feel that they are unique, special, and invincible are operating under what he referred to as _____________. a. a personal fable b. false beliefs c. an identity crisis d. a zone of proximal development

answer

a

question

Older adults perform ___________ on most _____________ tests than do younger adults. a. better; vocabulary and knowledge b. better; free recall c. worse; recognition memory d. worse; problem solving

answer

a

question

In general, which of the following individuals would show the highest performance on a series of vocabulary and knowledge tests? a. 73 year old Joan b. 45 year old Leslie c. 26 year old Edward d. 17 year old Sienna

answer

a

question

A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follow her wherever she moves because she is the first object that they see after hatching. What is this situation an example of? a. Imprinting b. Trust c. Contact comfort d. Insecure attachment

answer

a

question

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that a. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. c. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. d. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

answer

b

question

Infants are extremely sociable and seek out interactions with others until approximately 8 months of age, when they start to experience _______________. a. imprinting b. attachment c. stranger anxiety d. critical periods

answer

c

question

Carla's parents have been pleased at what a happy baby she has been around any adult, but start to become concerned when at around 8 months old, Carla begins to cry and become upset when others try to play with her. According to this example, Carla is most likely reacting this way due to _____________. a. imprinting b. stranger anxiety c. attachment formation d. critical periods

answer

b

question

According to Lorenz, if newly hatched geese are kept isolated for the first 36 hours after birth, they do not experience _______________, which he suggested as a _______________ for attachment. a. imprinting; sensitive period b. contact comfort; critical period c. imprinting; critical period d. contact comfort; sensitive period

answer

c

question

Ben rescues a cat from an alley in his neighbourhood. The cat is about 2 years old and appears to have lived on the street since it was born. Despite what Ben tries, he is having a lot of trouble getting the cat behave less "wildly" and to bond with him. According to attachment research, what is the best explanation for this situation? a. Kittens have a critical period for bonding to humans within the first week after birth. b. Wild cats take awhile to respond to touch but will eventually experience contact comfort. c. Animals that have been abandoned also develop insecure attachment styles. d. Cats appear to have a sensitive period after which bonding to humans is difficult.

answer

d

question

Which of the following is an example of imprinting? a. A young child imitates the behaviours of older siblings. b. A young child's behaviour is influenced by peer pressure. c. Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball. d. Young geese scatter away in fear when a ball approaches them.

answer

c

question

Against prevailing ideas at the time, Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys in the 1950s demonstrated that attachment was a. associated with the nourishment supplied by mothers by providing milk and food. b. not determined by nourishment or comfort as monkeys did not bond to either surrogate. c. dependent upon biological relations as greatest bonding occurs in mother-infant pairs. d. more associated with contact comfort than providing nourishment and sustenance.

answer

d

question

Which of the following statements about temperament is accurate? a. Temperament reflects basic emotional styles, is early appearing, and largely genetic in origin. b. Temperament is an extension of our personality and is shaped by our early attachment experiences. c. Temperament develops by the age of around 2, when infants have learned a consistent way of responding to situations. d. Temperaments are environmentally determined and difficult to change once established.

answer

a

question

Which of the following is not one of the three major temperamental styles? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Difficult c. Anxious d. Easy

answer

c

question

Frederica is an infant who is easily scared by unfamiliar faces, loud noises, or moving toys. Her temperament style would be classified as _________________. a. slow-to-warm-up b. difficult c. anxious d. behavioural inhibition

answer

d

question

What percentage of children could be classified as behaviourally inhibited? a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 40

answer

a

question

In contrast to attachment style, temperament is ___________________. a. late appearing and environmentally determined b. early appearing and environmentally determined c. early appearing and genetic in origin d. late appearing and genetic in origin

answer

c

question

Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? a. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-avoidant category as compared to North American infants. b. Infants from Japan are more likely to react to their mom's departure with indifference as compared to North American infants. c. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to North American infants. d. More infants from North America display disorganized attachments as compared to infants from Japan.

answer

c

question

Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that a. most infants are not upset with the mom when she departs because they know she will return shortly. b. most infants are happy with the mom when she departs and they remain happy with her when she returns. c. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns. d. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs and remain upset at her when she returns.

answer

c

question

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called a. temperament. b. trust. c. attachment. d. habituation.

answer

c

question

Attachment usually takes place within the __________of life. a. first year b. first month c. first six months d. first four months

answer

c

question

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a. The nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b. Aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c. Parental discipline styles in the first year of life d. The nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

answer

d

question

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants a. do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return. b. protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns. c. cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. d. are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return.

answer

c

question

Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants. a. securely b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized

answer

b

question

____________ attached babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed reactions upon mother's return. a. Securely b. Avoidant c. Anxious d. Disorganized

answer

c

question

Children involved in "Strange Situation" research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks a. honesty. b. integrity. c. validity. d. reliability.

answer

d

question

When placed in "Strange Situations" with surrogate mothers, Harlow's monkeys demonstrated signs of a. imprinting. b. authoritative attachment. c. insecure attachment. d. stranger anxiety.

answer

c

question

Research involving the "Strange Situation" stress test reveals that a. most infants are happy when their mothers leave and are upset when they return. b. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and are happy when they return. c. most infants are not upset when their mothers leave because they believe that she will return shortly. d. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and when they return because they feel neglected.

answer

b

question

Mariska's mother has just left her in a strange situation. She responds with panic initially, and when her mother returns, seeks attention from her mother by reaching for her but yet squirms when her mother picks her up. It is most likely that Mariska has a(n) _______________ attachment style. a. secure b. anxious c. avoidant d. disorganized

answer

b

question

Concluding that the results of the Strange Situation Test determine an infant's attachment is associated with a. high reliability. b. the mono-operation bias. c. the confirmation bias. d. a lack of falsifiability.

answer

b

question

Decades of research on parenting styles has indicated that a. social development of children can suffer if they have genetic predispositions toward problem behaviours that cannot be corrected by parenting styles. b. if parents provide their children with the average expectable environment, then most of their children will probably turn out just fine. c. authoritative parenting styles are associated with the most successful attachments, temperaments, and well-adjusted children that are social and emotionally healthy into adulthood. d. the most appropriate parenting style to use may vary according to the temperament of the child, and should all vary in levels of permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.

answer

b

question

Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. a. strict; slow b. strict; quick c. lenient; slow d. lenient; quick

answer

b

question

The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead they shape their children's behaviours by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles a. authoritarian parenting. b. authoritative parenting. c. permissive parenting. d. uninvolved parenting.

answer

c

question

Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. a. permissive b. uninvolved c. authoritative d. authoritarian

answer

d

question

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favourable outcomes for children? a. Authoritative b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Uninvolved

answer

a

question

Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? a. Fathers spend more time with their babies on average than do mothers. b. Children tend to select mothers over fathers as playmates. c. Fathers display similar levels of affection toward their babies as do mothers. d. Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers.

answer

d

question

When parents experience only mild conflict before a divorce, the seeming effects of divorce on children are _____________than when parents experience intense conflict before a divorce. a. less severe b. more severe c. minimal d. negligible

answer

b

question

Sandra is 4-years old and has been left alone in a room with a plate of cookies and a bell. Sandra was instructed by Dr. Mischel that if she could wait 15 minutes, she could get an even bigger reward, like two cookies, but if she could not wait she was to ring the bell to summon the experimenter. Sandra was able to wait for the bigger reward across several trials. What does this predict about Sandra's behaviour as an adolescent? a. Although she is able to delay gratification now, she will experience a rebound effect and engage in frequent impulsive behaviour in her teenage years. b. Sandra has a calm temperament but restrained individuals who constantly delay their gratification tend to explode violently as adults. c. Sandra will likely have a superior ability to cope with stress and frustration in adolescence and not engage in as much impulsive and reckless behaviours as other teenagers. d. Although Sandra displays early self-control, these behaviours are unrelated to her behaviour in adolescence.

answer

c

question

Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behaviour suggests that a. during infancy there are no gender differences between the toy preferences of boys and girls. b. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to dislike rough and tumble play. c. no gender differences have been found between the toy preferences of male and female monkeys. d. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play.

answer

d

question

Melissa identifies herself as a female; however she tends to act like a "tomboy" hanging out with mostly males and playing hockey and football. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to this example? a. Melissa's gender identity is male. b. Melissa is likely experiencing transsexualism but is unaware of her gender identity. c. Melissa is experiencing sex segregation in her biological and social roles. d. Melissa's gender role is associated with masculine behaviours.

answer

d

question

According to Erikson, which of the following is true? a. In most cases psychosocial crises go unresolved with no detrimental effects on social development. b. In most cases psychosocial crises are unsuccessfully resolved, leading to detrimental effects on social development. c. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis has no effect on whether a future crisis will be successfully resolved. d. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved.

answer

d

question

Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Erikson's a. identity versus role confusion crisis. b. initiative versus guilt crisis. c. autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis. d. trust versus mistrust crisis.

answer

a

question

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of a. identity. b. initiative. c. autonomy. d. trust.

answer

a

question

Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development? a. Integrity versus despair b. Intimacy versus isolation c. Generativity versus stagnation d. Identity versus role confusion

answer

d

question

During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be a. parents. b. friends. c. television and media. d. society of peers.

answer

a

question

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of a. trust. b. mistrust. c. autonomy. d. initiative.

answer

a

question

Autonomy is to shame and doubt like ________ is to despair. a. ego integrity b. initiative c. identity d. stagnation

answer

a

question

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behaviour? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Initiative versus guilt c. Industry versus inferiority d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

answer

d

question

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of a. identity versus role diffusion. b. industry versus inferiority. c. initiative versus guilt. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

answer

c

question

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behaviour. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority

answer

c

question

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.

answer

c

question

According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the result may be the development of a sense of a. stagnation. b. inferiority. c. shame and doubt. d. role confusion.

answer

b

question

Kent was inconsistently cared for as an infant and consequently he struggles with issues of commitment in adulthood. Kent may have experienced difficulty resolving crises in which two stages? a. Initiative versus guilt and autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Identity versus identity confusion and generativity versus stagnation c. Industry versus inferiority and ego integrity versus despair d. Trust versus mistrust and intimacy versus isolation

answer

d

question

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

answer

d

question

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called a. bonding. b. attraction. c. attachment. d. intimacy.

answer

d

question

Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

answer

b

question

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing a. intimacy. b. identity. c. generativity. d. integrity.

answer

c

question

According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of intimacy or even identity, that person is experiencing a. generativity. b. stagnation. c. ego integrity. d. despair.

answer

b

question

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

answer

c

question

Brenda's parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. a. ego integrity versus despair b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. industry versus inferiority d. identity versus role confusion

answer

d

question

Which of the following is true regarding Piaget's and Erikson's theories? a. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of development. b. Children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage of development. c. Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage of development. d. Children in Piaget's formal operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development. e. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development.

answer

e

question

Sue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sue's feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of a. generativity. b. alienation. c. stagnation. d. despair.

answer

d

question

Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? a. Ainsworth b. Piaget c. Erikson d. Vygotsky

answer

c

question

According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the ______________ stage is to subjective responsibility as the ______________ stage is to objective responsibility. a. concrete operations; formal operations b. formal operations; concrete operations c. preoperational; concrete operations d. formal operations; preoperational

answer

b

question

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

answer

d

question

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________. a. formal conventional morality b. postconventional morality c. conventional morality d. preconventional morality

answer

d

question

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional

answer

d

question

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

answer

c

question

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional

answer

b

question

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of__________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

answer

d

question

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg? a. Preconventional, conventional, postconventional b. Preoperational, postoperational, world view c. Preconventional, postconventional, conventional d. Concrete operational, formal operational, autonomous

answer

a

question

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

answer

d

question

According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of a. social development. b. cognitive development. c. intelligence. d. emotional development.

answer

b

question

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the highway without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

answer

c

question

According to theory assumptions, which of the following is true concerning Kohlberg and Piaget? a. Like Piaget's stage theory, Kohlberg's theory is comprised of four distinctly separate stages. b. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's preoperational stage. c. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's formal operations stage. d. Levels of moral development are unrelated to levels of cognitive development.

answer

c

question

Regarding Heinz's dilemma, a person who decides not to steal the drug for fear of being imprisoned is reasoning at the ________ stage. a. preconventional b. formal conventional c. postconventional d. conventional

answer

a

question

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves a. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. b. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the individual. c. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by authority figures. d. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by peers.

answer

a

question

Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects a. formal conventional reasoning. b. preconventional reasoning. c. conventional reasoning. d. postconventional reasoning.

answer

d

question

Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behaviour. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behaviour? a. Posing dilemmas focused on life-or-death decisions that will lead to more honest responding b. Posing dilemmas focused on light-hearted subjects that will put respondents more at ease c. Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis d. Posing dilemmas focused on abstract situations not likely to be faced by respondents

answer

c

question

Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully, but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. a. preconventional b. conventional c. formal conventional d. postconventional

answer

d

question

Karen has the impulse to shoplift, but when she begins thinking about how others would be disappointed with her actions, she resists. Karen's thinking illustrates ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. preconventional

answer

b

question

Which of the following would be considered the biggest (and anxiety-inducing) life transition that adults may face? a. Establishing a career b. Falling in love c. Becoming a parent d. Undergoing a midlife crisis

answer

c

question

Empty nest researchers have found that a. most empty nesters are men who experience a period of depression after their children leave home. b. most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. c. women are less likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home. d. women are more likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home.

answer

b

question

Which of the following individuals would be the most susceptible to empty-nest syndrome? a. Cierra, a lawyer, who devoted as much time to her children as she could while they were growing up but feels guilty that she did not have more time to spend with them b. Victoria, a homemaker, who was very involved in her kids lives, and also volunteered for several charities and women's leagues, and made quilts that were donated to World Aid programs c. Wilma, a professor, who spent equal time on her career and children, and aided them with their academic progress and tutoring as well as being their mother d. Lisa, a homemaker, who spent all her time and energy caring for her children and being involved as a volunteer in their many activities while they were growing up

answer

d

question

One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called a. formal intelligence. b. crystallized intelligence. c. emotional intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.

answer

b

question

Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on a. memory tests. b. vocabulary tests. c. auditory tests. d. visual tests.

answer

b

question

Kevin is a 65-year-old college professor. Compared to when he was 30, Kevin is now likely to a. struggle verbalizing his thoughts when responding to students' questions. b. struggle formulating his thoughts when responding to students' questions. c. struggle hearing students' questions during lectures. d. struggle analyzing students' questions during lectures.

answer

c

question

Which of the following questions would an 85-year old have the easiest time answering based on their cognitive functioning? a. Can you recall the list of words I showed you 10 minutes ago? b. Can you point out various members of your family in this set of photos? c. Can you remember what you had for supper yesterday? d. Can you tell me about the time you ran away from home as a child?

answer

b

question

One popular misconception about middle age is that most men undergo a _______________, characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and attempts to regain their youth. a. empty nest syndrome b. midlife crisis c. sandwich generation d. stagnation

answer

b

question

Arthur is 95 years old. He has developed many health difficulties with advanced aging, but still plays billiards regularly, goes for coffee with his friends, and likes to play cards and cook. Which of the following would be true in relation to Arthur's aging? a. Arthur's biological age is lower than his functional age. b. Arthur's functional age is well below his chronological age. c. Arthur's functional age is much greater than his social age. d. Arthur's psychological age is well above his chronological age.

answer

b

question

How did Brenda Reimer, the child who was surgically assigned to be a female after a surgical mishap, adjust to life as a female?

answer

she was unhappy and committed suicide

question

Female sex organs that are present at birth are called

answer

primary sex characteristics

question

Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?

answer

Vagina

question

One secondary male sex characteristic is

answer

an enlarged larynx

question

A young boy develops facial and chest hair, pubic hair, and an enlarged adams apple. This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his

answer

secondary sex characteristics

question

Which hormones are responsible for a child's developing as a female during pregnancy?

answer

estrogens

question

______ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper masculine and feminine behaviors.

answer

gender typing

question

Dr. John Money, the Reimers' doctor, suggested that Brenda be raised as a girl because he believed that

answer

gender roles are learned and, without male organs, Brenda would happily learn to be a female

question

A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a

answer

transsexual

question

In the traditional view, men are considered more responsible for _____ than are women.

answer

heavy physical labor

question

Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have

answer

nontraditional views of gender

question

Psychologist _____ believes that the biological differences between males and females help to create different contexts in which boys and girls are raised

answer

Eleanor Maccoby

question

In a study of girls who had been exposed to androgens in the womb, it was found that early on they preferred masculine activities but later preferred feminine ones. Such studies make it difficult

answer

to decide if gender identity is related to physical factors

question

When children observe their same sex parents behaving certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?

answer

social learning theory

question

Gender schema theory is based on

answer

Paiget's theory of development

question

Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave it to Beaver. After watching the show, the decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by

answer

social learning theory

question

Desperate for help with her computer, Dana calls her fiancé, thinking in this instance is an example of

answer

benevolent sexism

question

A _______ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female.

answer

gender stereotype

question

The term benevolent sexism was proposed by

answer

Glick and Fiske

question

Psychologist Sandra Bem developed the concept of

answer

androgyny

question

John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, John considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be

answer

androgynous

question

Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about

answer

current events

question

MRI technology has demonstrated that men listen with

answer

the left hemisphere of the brain

question

If gender differences in cognition are decreasing, this is probably due to

answer

the effects of more equal treatment of men and women in our society

question

What is the term for the condition in which a person is born with both male and female sex organs?

answer

hermaphroditism

question

In the middle to late 1900s, medical professionals typically recommended that intersexed children

answer

have their genitals surgically altered to clearly be the other based on appearance rather than on their sex chromosomes

question

One problem with surgically altering the genitals of an intersexed child is that

answer

All of these choices are problems with the procedure in the question

question

The final phase of the sexual response is

answer

resolution

question

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Masters and Johnson's research was considered controversial?

answer

They participated in sexual activity with their subjects

question

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by

answer

Masters and Johnson

question

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

answer

Most of the volunteers were homosexual

question

According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating?

answer

92 percent

question

According to the Janus report, what percentage of females reported premarital sex?

answer

46 percent

question

Most recent surveys indicate that ________ of men are predominantly homosexual.

answer

9 percent

question

If homosexuality were definitively found to be due to genetic or hormonal influences, then

answer

all of these are true

question

The work of Simon LeVay on the brain structures of homosexual humans led to similar findings with

answer

sheep

question

Which is NOT a finding that supports a biological contribution to sexual orientation?

answer

size differences in the right brain hemispheres in homosexuals as compared to heterosexuals

question

A sexual ______ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act.

answer

dysfunction

question

Research shows that the _______ married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions.

answer

more conservative and traditional

question

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as

answer

organic dysfunctions

question

Shanice suffers pain during intercourse. She is suffering from

answer

dyspareunia

question

Jaime enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm during sexual intercourse even though fully aroused. Jaime is suffering from

answer

male orgasmic disorder

question

Someone whose focus of sexual interest is an object, such as shoes or underwear, or a part of the body, such as feet, has a condition known as

answer

fetishism

question

Someone who likes to expose normally clothed parts of the body to unsuspecting and typically unwilling viewers has condition known as

answer

exhibitionism

question

James obtained sexual arousal and pleasure by wearing women's clothing. He has a condition known as

answer

transvestism

question

Which cause of a sexually transmitted disease is hardest to treat?

answer

viral

question

Warty growths on the gentitalia are caused by

answer

HPV

question

Which of the following is caused by a virus?

answer

AIDS

question

Which method has the highest level of protection against STD's?

answer

abstinence

question

Having more than one partner

answer

increases your chance of contracting a STD

question

How did Brenda Reimer, the child who was surgically assigned to be a female after a surgical mishap, adjust to life as a female?

answer

she was unhappy and committed suicide

question

Female sex organs that are present at birth are called

answer

primary sex characteristics

question

Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?

answer

Vagina

question

One secondary male sex characteristic is

answer

an enlarged larynx

question

A young boy develops facial and chest hair, pubic hair, and an enlarged adams apple. This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his

answer

secondary sex characteristics

question

Which hormones are responsible for a child's developing as a female during pregnancy?

answer

estrogens

question

______ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper masculine and feminine behaviors.

answer

gender typing

question

Dr. John Money, the Reimers' doctor, suggested that Brenda be raised as a girl because he believed that

answer

gender roles are learned and, without male organs, Brenda would happily learn to be a female

question

A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a

answer

transsexual

question

In the traditional view, men are considered more responsible for _____ than are women.

answer

heavy physical labor

question

Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have

answer

nontraditional views of gender

question

Psychologist _____ believes that the biological differences between males and females help to create different contexts in which boys and girls are raised

answer

Eleanor Maccoby

question

In a study of girls who had been exposed to androgens in the womb, it was found that early on they preferred masculine activities but later preferred feminine ones. Such studies make it difficult

answer

to decide if gender identity is related to physical factors

question

When children observe their same sex parents behaving certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?

answer

social learning theory

question

Gender schema theory is based on

answer

Paiget's theory of development

question

Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave it to Beaver. After watching the show, the decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by

answer

social learning theory

question

Desperate for help with her computer, Dana calls her fiancé, thinking in this instance is an example of

answer

benevolent sexism

question

A _______ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female.

answer

gender stereotype

question

The term benevolent sexism was proposed by

answer

Glick and Fiske

question

Psychologist Sandra Bem developed the concept of

answer

androgyny

question

John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, John considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be

answer

androgynous

question

Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about

answer

current events

question

MRI technology has demonstrated that men listen with

answer

the left hemisphere of the brain

question

If gender differences in cognition are decreasing, this is probably due to

answer

the effects of more equal treatment of men and women in our society

question

What is the term for the condition in which a person is born with both male and female sex organs?

answer

hermaphroditism

question

In the middle to late 1900s, medical professionals typically recommended that intersexed children

answer

have their genitals surgically altered to clearly be the other based on appearance rather than on their sex chromosomes

question

One problem with surgically altering the genitals of an intersexed child is that

answer

All of these choices are problems with the procedure in the question

question

The final phase of the sexual response is

answer

resolution

question

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Masters and Johnson's research was considered controversial?

answer

They participated in sexual activity with their subjects

question

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by

answer

Masters and Johnson

question

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

answer

Most of the volunteers were homosexual

question

According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating?

answer

92 percent

question

According to the Janus report, what percentage of females reported premarital sex?

answer

46 percent

question

Most recent surveys indicate that ________ of men are predominantly homosexual.

answer

9 percent

question

If homosexuality were definitively found to be due to genetic or hormonal influences, then

answer

all of these are true

question

The work of Simon LeVay on the brain structures of homosexual humans led to similar findings with

answer

sheep

question

Which is NOT a finding that supports a biological contribution to sexual orientation?

answer

size differences in the right brain hemispheres in homosexuals as compared to heterosexuals

question

A sexual ______ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act.

answer

dysfunction

question

Research shows that the _______ married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions.

answer

more conservative and traditional

question

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as

answer

organic dysfunctions

question

Shanice suffers pain during intercourse. She is suffering from

answer

dyspareunia

question

Jaime enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm during sexual intercourse even though fully aroused. Jaime is suffering from

answer

male orgasmic disorder

question

Someone whose focus of sexual interest is an object, such as shoes or underwear, or a part of the body, such as feet, has a condition known as

answer

fetishism

question

Someone who likes to expose normally clothed parts of the body to unsuspecting and typically unwilling viewers has condition known as

answer

exhibitionism

question

James obtained sexual arousal and pleasure by wearing women's clothing. He has a condition known as

answer

transvestism

question

Which cause of a sexually transmitted disease is hardest to treat?

answer

viral

question

Warty growths on the gentitalia are caused by

answer

HPV

question

Which of the following is caused by a virus?

answer

AIDS

question

Which method has the highest level of protection against STD's?

answer

abstinence

question

Having more than one partner

answer

increases your chance of contracting a STD

question

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait? a) recessive b) mutated c) recombinant d) dominant

answer

Dominant

question

Humans have a total of _______ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

answer

46

question

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as _______.

answer

Conservation

question

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?

answer

Monozygotic twin's

question

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as _______.

answer

Chromosomes

question

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of _______.

answer

Initiative versus guilt

question

In a wealthy _______ family in _______, the body of a deceased relative stays at the family home until it is time for cremation. Before cremation, the body will be washed by family members.

answer

Hindu; India

question

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called _______.

answer

Perimenopause

question

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants _______.

answer

Cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns

question

The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time to examine age-related differences and changes is called a _______.

answer

Cross-sequential design

question

Genetics is defined as _______.

answer

The science of heredity

question

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the _______ months.

answer

First three

question

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?

answer

Integrity vs. despair

question

Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?

answer

Zone of proximal development

question

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

answer

"pet dog"

question

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class, Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes. This example illustrates the ________technique.

answer

Foot in the door

question

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error?

answer

Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States.

question

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

answer

social facilitation

question

What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?

answer

Impression formation

question

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward?

answer

Altruism

question

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané?

answer

Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond

question

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________.

answer

A stereotype

question

Stereotype threat is defined as anxiety related to the phenomenon known as _____.

answer

a self-fulfilling prophecy

question

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

answer

Foot-in-the-door effect

question

Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________.

answer

Stereotype

question

The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of ________.

answer

The atrocities committed by soldiers in Nazi Germany

question

A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.

answer

An attitude

question

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

answer

Thinking about others

question

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing?

answer

Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

question

What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration?

answer

Second grade

question

What did Freud perceive as the outcome of a successful resolution of the Oedipus complex?

answer

Identification with the same-sex parent

question

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

answer

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

question

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring?

answer

The fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure

question

Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

answer

Oral

question

For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ______.

answer

Id

question

Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists sometimes make use of _______.

answer

Rating scales and frequency counts

question

Projective tests tend to make use of ________ stimuli

answer

Ambiguous

question

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

answer

Defense mechanisms

question

Which assessment technique requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli?

answer

Projective

question

What is Freud's term for the primitive, biological side of personality?

answer

Id

question

Research on _____________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.

answer

The heritability of traits

question

For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the ______.

answer

Superego

question

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ____________.

answer

Rational means for obtaining gratification

question

Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept?

answer

Oedipus complex

question

The superego develops ____________.

answer

During the preschool years

question

Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder?

answer

Persistent reliving of the event

question

Which of the following culture-bound disorders is most commonly seen in Latin America?

answer

ataque de nervios

question

__________ is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

answer

Seasonal affective disorder

question

The tendency of those studying psychopathology to start seeing themselves as suffering from the illnesses being discussed is known as _____________.

answer

Psychology student's syndrome

question

Whenever Greta thinks about her life, she automatically bursts into tears. This example most clearly illustrates the impact of ________ in psychological disorders.

answer

Subjective discomfort

question

A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ___________.

answer

Schizophrenia

question

Liza has an anxiety disorder. She is currently seeing a therapist who believes that anxiety disorders are a result of illogical, irrational thought processes. Liza is probably seeking treatment from a _____________.

answer

Cognitive psychologist

question

Approximately ________ out of every 1,000 people worldwide will develop schizophrenia at some point during their lives.

answer

7-8

question

The ______ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes.

answer

Biological

question

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called ______.

answer

Agoraphobia

question

Each day, while Sid is sitting at his desk at work, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, he washes his hands. Sid probably suffers from ___________.

answer

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

question

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like ______.

answer

Generalized anxiety disorder

question

The primary purpose of the DSM is to _____.

answer

Help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

question

Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a(n) ______.

answer

Phobia

question

Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?

answer

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.

question

The desire to avoid an unpleasant consequence is an example of (pg 344)

answer

extrinsic motivation

question

The psychological tension that arises in an organism and motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension is called (pg 345)

answer

drive

question

According to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's(Pg 347)

answer

beliefs about control over his or her life

question

Expectancy value theories assume that the actions of humans cannot be predicted with out an understanding of people's (pg 347)

answer

beliefs and values

question

Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and (pg 347)

answer

autonomy

question

The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as (pg 355)

answer

weight set point

question

Physiologically, the body responds to emotion with arousal created by the(pg 361)

answer

sympathetic nervous system

question

Physiologically, the body responds to anger with(pg 361)

answer

higher heart rate and blood pressure

question

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings are known as (pg 363)

answer

display rules

question

The theory that we experience emotion first with physical arousal(e.g.,increased heart rate, shaky hands) which then leads to awareness of the emotion is the (pg 365)

answer

-Lange theory of emotion

question

The theory of emotion that proposes that physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of stimulus happen simultaneously is know as the (pg 366)

answer

cognitive arousal theory of emotion

question

Which of the following is an element of emotion?(p360)

answer

physical arousal

question

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?

answer

insulin

question

Which area of the brain has been linked to the processing of positive emotions?(pg 362)

answer

the left frontal lobe

question

In order to control emotions, the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain?(pg 362)

answer

...

question

The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the (p365)

answer

common sense theory of emotion

question

one of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on(pg 345)

answer

biologically determined patterns of behavior

question

An example of a stimulus motive is(pg 349)

answer

curiosity playing and exploration

question

The role of the lateral hypothalamus is

answer

to trigger the eating response when insulin levels go up

question

The _______________ is an adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies.(pg 367)

answer

facial feedback hypothesis

question

In the classic Schachter-Singer "angry man/happy man" experiment ,participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry and the other group with a confederate pretending to be happy. what was the main objective of this experiment?

answer

to determine whether physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it can be labeled as an emotion

question

Sensation seekers (pg 350)

answer

...

question

Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. he currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for

answer

achievement

question

Darwin proposed

answer

...

question

The condition in which the body weight of a person is 20-30 percent over the idea body weight for that person's height is known as

answer

obesity

question

according to the work of Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is one of the seven universally recognized facial expressions of emotion

answer

disgust

question

according to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's

answer

beliefs about control over his or her life

question

Physiologically the body responds to anger with

answer

higher heart rate and blood pressure

question

according to maslow, a time in a person's life during which self- actualization has been temporarily achieved is a

answer

peak experience

question

The approach to understanding motivation that is based solely on the belief in the need for stimulation is the __________ approach.

answer

Arousal

question

Ryan and Deci's self- determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and

answer

autonomy

question

what is the hormone that the new, low-carbohydrate diets are trying to control to prevent hunger cravings that commonly occur after consuming highly refined carbohydrates?

answer

insulin

question

Which of the following describes the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

answer

i am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time

question

Tolman, Lewin, and Rotter's work on expectancy-values and how our belifs and values affect our actions was developed under the __________ approach to understanding motivation.

answer

incentive

question

sensation seekers

answer

need more arousal in the form of more complex and varied sensory experiences

question

Professor Peterson is a psychology professor who taught his class about theories of emotion. He told his class that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, which in turn intensifies and causes emotions. Professor Peterson taught his class the

answer

facial feedback hypothesis of emotion

question

The theory of emotion in which a person would process emotion by thinking "my stomach is fluttering, therefore, I must be nervous," is the

answer

James- Lange theory

question

according to Dweck's research, which of the following is a method parents and teachers can use to improve a child's motivation to achieve?

answer

A teacher should praise a student's effort in the learning process by saying," that was a very clever way to think about this problem."

question

People who seek careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they like the feedback on their performance are high in the need for

answer

achievement

question

according to Dweck's research on achievement motivation, why might a student who has a history of bad grades be most at risk for learned helplessness?

answer

the student may become depressed because of the belief that intelligence is fixed, unchangeable and out of his or her control.

question

A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because

answer

taste the food is the incentive for eating

question

Darwin proposed that emotions are a product of evolution and are therefore universal. Which of the following supports the idea that emotions are based in biology rather than in learning?

answer

A child, blind from birth, makes the appropriate facial expression for an emotion with out ever having seen it

question

Lisa is the lead actor in a tear-jerking play she spends most of her time on stage "crying." Even though she feels happy and upbeat before the show, she finds that she often feels down after the show. this is an example of which emotional theory?

answer

facial feedback hypothesis

question

A babysitter has put the children to sleep. it is dark and quite in the house. she hears what sounds like a door knob turning an hour the parents are expected to be home, making her think that perhaps a stranger is trying to break into the house. According to Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory, how would the babysitter experience an emotion in this situation?

answer

she would first go to the door to see what is causing the door knob to turn. If the parents are home early, she would feel relieved, but if it was a stranger she would feel afraid

question

Which statement is not true about display rules?

answer

Display rules are innate not learned

question

Which of the following does not play a role in determining the body's weight set point?

answer

the size of the stomach

question

How does Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory differ from the Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory?

answer

Lazarus's theory suggests that we appraise a stimulus first, then cognitively label the emotion, and then feel a physical response

question

Which of the following is NOT a factor that creates obesity?

answer

a raised metabolism as people age

question

Which of the following is not true of a sensation seeker?

answer

Sensation seekers always need arousal in the form of danger

question

What portion of the brain is involved in the interpretation of facial expressions conveying emotion?(pg 361)

answer

right hemisphere...

question

The theory of motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action is known as

answer

the self-determination theory

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of Clayton Alderfer's revision of Maslow's hierarchy?

answer

...

question

Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the __________ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in he whole body

answer

pancreas

question

Which of the following describes the cognitive arousal theory?

answer

" I am aroused dues to dangerous cues in my environment; therefore, I must be afraid ."

question

Drive-reduction theory proposes that

answer

humans seek homeostasis, motivating them to achieve balance when a need arises

question

Joni recently quit smoking. She constantly wants to chew gum or have something in her mouth. This is an example of an

answer

acquired drive

question

A gymnast can complete a trick on the balance beam consistently without falling in practice . However, during competition the gymnast becomes nervous, causing her to bobble and fall. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the problem?

answer

The gymnast's level of arousal is too low

question

which of the following is not a characteristic of a person who is high in the need for power(nPow)

answer

a good team player

question

In Schachter and Singer's classic study of emotion, male student volunteers were injected with epinephrine, a drug that

answer

causes the same kind of physiological arousal that occurs during a strong emotional reaction

question

In order to control emotions the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain ?

answer

...

question

The motivation approach in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties is the

answer

incentive approach

question

According to Ryan and Deci, a person's intrinsic motivation may be increased because of a combined sense of

answer

competence and autonomy

question

According to the Yerkes- Dodson law, how is performance related to arousal during difficult tasks?

answer

Performance is best when arousal is low-moderate

question

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the need to be able to master the challenging task of one's life is the need for

answer

competence

question

A study showed that Japanese students associated the subjective emotion of happiness with feelings of friendliness and social engagement. The study demonstrated an aspect of processing emotion in a(n) ___________________ culture.

answer

collectivistic

question

As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?

answer

BMR decreases, weight set point increases

question

After experiencing fear that morning at school due to the loud noise of the fire alarm before a fire drill, a little boy later jumps at the sound of the phone ringing at home. After he realizes it was just the phone, the boy relaxes. According to the research of Dr.Joseph LeDoux, how is the boy's initial reaction to the phone

answer

The stimulus traveled to the boy's amygdala first through the subcortical route, which notified his brain of the potential danger before he could assess the situation more carefully and take control of his emotions

question

Which of the following is an example of a social component of hunger?

answer

a girl feels lonely so she eats an extra helping of dessert to cheer herself up

question

___________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal matter

answer

Intrinsic motivation

question

Curiosity exploration, and playing are all examples of

answer

a stimulus motive

question

The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feed back from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?

answer

The Cannon-Bard theory

question

You are a psychologist working with a new client, an immigrant from China, who is experiencing adjustment problems due to stress. Which of the following are you first going to consider when assessing your client's ability to cope? A) ability to use biofeedback equipment B) psychological defense mechanisms C) meditative strategies D) cultural background

answer

D. Cultural background

question

Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions ________________. A) will definitely extend one's life expectancy B) can be a vital part of a person's social support system C) are a psychological defense mechanism D) promote one's cognitive abilities

answer

B. Can be a vital part of a person's social support system

question

Which individual has the highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa? A) a lower-class 26-year-old European man B) an upper-class 16-year-old American boy C) an upper-class 16-year-old American girl D) a lower-class 26-year-old European woman

answer

C. an upper-class 16-year-old American girl

question

Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) ______ conflict. A) approach-approach B) avoidance-avoidance C) approach-avoidance D) double approach-avoidance

answer

C. Approach-avoidance

question

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? A) Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. B) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. C) Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. D) Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

answer

B. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness

question

Which of the following life events is not found in the list of major life events that cause a significant amount of stress according to the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? A) All of the above are found on the SRRS. B) going on vacation C) marriage D) pregnancy

answer

A. All of the above are found on the SRRS

question

Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? A) There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. B) American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. C) American men and women both eat to reduce depression whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. D) Japanese men ate more than both American men and women.

answer

B. American woman eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands

question

Seira is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Seira ________. A) is at high risk for coronary heart disease B) is a Type B personality C) is a hardy personality D) is a Type C personality

answer

D. is a Type C personality

question

Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as _________. A) stress-induced dysfunctions B) GOPs (gonad operative problems) C) cortical erectile difficulties D) organic dysfunctions

answer

A. Stress-induced dysfunctions

question

A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. A) Type A B) Type S C) Type B D. Type C

answer

A. Type A

question

Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? A) Are men or women better drivers? B) Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? C) What is the relationship between one's ethnicity and their political affiliation? D) What is the relationship between a person's age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree?

answer

B. Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes?

question

Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture's styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? A) marginalization B) assimilation C) integration D) separation

answer

D. Separation

question

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. A) a defense mechanism B) self-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) emotion-focused coping

answer

D. Emotion-focused coping

question

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Joey's behavior is called ____________. A) increasing efforts B) persistence C) varying efforts D) aggression

answer

B. Persistence

question

Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following? A) eating certain foods B) using biofeedback C) exercising D) engaging in a hobby

answer

A. Eating certain foods

question

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the highest degree of acculturative stress? A) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs D) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

answer

D. Rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

question

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis? A) Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present. B) Frustration always leads to aggression. C) Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress. D) Frustration does not always lead to aggression.

answer

B. Frustration always leads to aggression

question

Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing __________. A) internal conflict B) external frustration C) internal frustration D) external conflict

answer

C. Internal frustration

question

Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. A) eustresses B) catastrophies C) hassles D) stressors

answer

D. Stressors

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages? A) For children ages 3 to 5, the biggest hassle is getting teased. B) Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people. C) Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs. D) Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are children and younger adults.

answer

B. Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people.

question

An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________. A) leptin reduction B) bulimia C) hormone under secretion D) anorexia nervosa

answer

B. Bulimia

question

Linda's house was flooded in a hurricane. Upon losing her home, she had nightmares, disturbed sleep, and anxiety that lasted about two weeks. Linda most likely suffered from ______________. A) catastrophic stress B) acute stress disorder C) external locus of control D) post-traumatic stress disorder

answer

B. Acute stress disorder

question

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of__________________. A) avoidance B) emotion-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) reappraisal

answer

B. Emotion-focused coping

question

Which of the following major life events on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale has the highest number of life change units? A) being raped B) death of a close friend C) falling asleep in class D) getting straight As

answer

A. Being raped

question

In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. A) avoidance-avoidance B) double approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) approach-avoidance

answer

C. Approach-approach

question

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the lowest degree of acculturative stress? A) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity D) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture

answer

B. Developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures

question

For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict. A) incompatible demands B) approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) avoidance-avoidance

answer

C. Approach-approach

question

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? A) a divorce B) commission of a crime C) a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident D) more frequent changes of job

answer

C. A higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

question

Min-Jee is currently very concerned about a recent increase in fighting among her family members. When talking with her therapist, she notes that this has been her biggest concern lately. According to the research into the severity of different hassles, which of the following statements is probably true about Min-Jee's age? A) Min-Jee is an adolescent B) Min-Jee is elderly C) Min-Jee is an adult D) Min-Jee is 4 years old

answer

C. Min-Jee is an adult

question

Which individual is most likely to experience acculturative stress? A) Mary who is switching jobs from manufacturing to the service industry B) Min-Shek who is leaving home for the first time to attend the state college 100 miles away C) Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States D) Joie who has moved from New York to Boston

answer

C. Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States

question

Adelaide hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. A) resistance phase B) alarm phase C) chronic stress phase D) exhaustion phase

answer

B. Alarm phase

question

People who are depressed and may be suicidal often suffer from_____, a condition in which the person has lost the ability to experience pleasure. A) learned helplessness B) irritability C) neural numbness D) anhedonia

answer

D. Anhedonia

question

A sexual ___________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. A) deviation B) dysfunction C) shortcoming D) malapropism

answer

B. Dysfunction

question

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? A) Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. B) The immune system is not affected by stress. C) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over. D) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends.

answer

C. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over

question

Iram made a New Year's resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life? A) exercise regularly B) take on more responsibility at work C) spend more time alone D) eat fatty foods

answer

A. Exercise regularly

question

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from __________. A) leptin reduction B) hormone under secretion C) anorexia nervosa D) bulimia

answer

C. Anorexia nerviosa

question

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion B) exhaustion, resistance, alarm C) resistance, alarm, exhaustion D) alarm, exhaustion, resistance

answer

A. Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

question

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) exhaustion B) alarm C) resistance D) collapse

answer

A. Exhaustion

question

Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old? A) inflexibility B) aggressiveness C) tenseness D) being easygoing

answer

D. Being easygoing

question

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. A) emotion-focused coping B) reappraisal C) problem-focused coping D) distraction

answer

A. Emotion-focused coping

question

For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

answer

B. Exhaustion

question

Which of the following is the most common method of committing suicide? A) firearm B) hanging C) overdose D) jumping from heights

answer

A. Firearm

question

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" A) pessimist; optimist B) optimist; pessimist C) optimist; realist D) realist; pessimist

answer

B. Optimist; pessimist

question

Eating a healthy breakfast __________. A) has been shown to increase the risk of obesity B) has been shown to increase the need for a morning nap C) has been shown to decrease the ability to concentrate D) has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

answer

D. Has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

question

The first response that people typically make to frustration is_________. A) aggression B) varying efforts C) persistence D) increasing efforts

answer

C. Persistence

question

People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it. A) camaraderie B) occupation C) income D) social support system

answer

D. Social support system

question

One of the most startling implications of Selye's theory is that ________. A) sensitivity to stress is genetically programmed B) psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure C) self-actualization tendencies lead to severe stress D) most people are able to effectively cope with long-term stress

answer

B. Psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure

question

The Type C behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ______. A) cancer B) mental illness C) coronary heart disease D) respiratory illnesses

answer

A. Cancer

question

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. A) mental illness B) cancer C) respiratory illnesses D) coronary heart disease

answer

D. Coronary heart disease

question

Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called_________. A) personal frustration B) external frustration C) a hassle D) internal conflict

answer

A. Personal frustration

question

Each of the following is a symptom of bulimia EXCEPT ______. A) refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height B) recurrent episodes of binge eating C) body shape and weight excessively influencing the person's self-image D) recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain

answer

A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height

question

The practice of behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called________. A) meditation B) health C) religious beliefs D) wellness

answer

D. Wellness

question

What percentage of men and women report some sort of sexual dysfunction? A) 10-20 percent B) 90-100 percent C) 30-40 percent D) 20-30 percent

answer

C. 30-40 percent

question

Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? A) catastrophes B) major life events C) eustress D) hassles

answer

A. Catastrophes

question

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month is called_________. A) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) B) external locus of control C) catastrophic stress D) acute stress disorder

answer

A. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

question

_________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. A) Stress B) Distress C) Burnout D) Dysphoria

answer

A. Stress

question

Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner? A) Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault. B) The woman makes it clear that she is not interested in Jordan C) The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan. D) Jordan is alone and has no friends to back him up.

answer

C. The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan

question

Which type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? A) compulsiveness B) competitiveness C) chronic irritability D) hostility

answer

D. Hostility

question

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality. A) stressed B) hardy C) Type B D) Type C

answer

B. Hardy

question

_________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. A) Distress B) Catastrophic stress C) Eustress D) Acute stress

answer

C. Eustress

question

Each of the following is true of people with anorexia nervosa EXCEPT _________. A) they have a distorted view of their own body B) they may have had a troubled childhood and adolescence C) they have an intense interest in food but eat with disgust D) they are usually "out of control"

answer

D. They are usually "out of control"

question

_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. A) Catastrophic stress B) Eustress C) Distress D) Acute stress

answer

C. Distress

question

The term hassles refers to__________. A) minor annoyances of everyday life B) personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal C) minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work D) the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals

answer

A. Minor annoyances of everyday life

question

Sasha is experiencing stress in her workplace that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing________. A) poverty-related stress B) road rage C) eustress D) burnout

answer

D. Burnout

question

Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? A) Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms. B) Religion isolates people from those who are different. C) Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings. D) Religion can provide a strong social support system.

answer

D. Religion can provide a strong social support system

question

When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the__________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the _________. A) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system C) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

answer

A. Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

question

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called________. A) primary appraisal B) distress-eustress dichotomy C) tertiary appraisal D) secondary appraisal

answer

D. Secondary appraisal

question

Which statement is CORRECT concerning the cultural components of eating disorders? A) Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures. B) Anorexia and bulimia are only found in Western, high-socioeconomic cultures. C) Chinese women never report suffering from anorexia. D) African American women rarely, if ever, suffer from eating disorders.

answer

A. Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures

question

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to ______. A) cognitive dissonance B) pressure C) anxiety D) overload

answer

B. Pressure

question

Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects? A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) multiple approach-avoidance D) avoidance-avoidance

answer

B. Approach-avoidance

question

The _______control one has, the _______the degree of stress. A) less; lower B) Control has nothing to do with stress. C) less; greater D) more; greater

answer

C. Less; greater

question

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ____________. A) varying efforts B) aggression C) persistence D) increasing efforts

answer

B. Aggression

question

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________impact on one's ability to be creative. A) a negative B) a positive C) some D) no

answer

A. A negative

question

Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely? A) Levon gets easily upset. B) Levon is slow to anger. C) Levon is determined to achieve. D) Levon is competitive.

answer

B. Levon is slow to anger

question

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. A) cancer and heart disease B) hypertension and obesity C) heart disease and schizophrenia D) colds and headaches

answer

D. Colds and headaches

question

The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture is called_____________. A) integration B) separation C) assimilation D) marginalization

answer

A. Integration

question

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight. A) 20 B) 40 C) 30 D) 10

answer

A. 20

question

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, all of the following EXCEPT _______________ are reactions that can be seen. A) headaches B) nausea C) hemorrhaging D) fever

answer

C. Hemorrhaging

question

People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. A) Type C B) Type S C) Type A D) Type B

answer

D. Type B

question

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. A) resistance B) termination C) alarm D) exhaustion

answer

A. Resistance

question

__________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events. A) University Students Stress Assessment (USSA) B) College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) C) College Students New Experiences Assessment Scale (CSNEAS) D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

answer

B. College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

question

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. A) hassles B) uplifts C) distress D) downturns

answer

A. Hassles

question

Matthew compares his performance at work with that of a co-worker who is less competent than himself. When he engages in this behavior, he feels better and experiences a boost to his self-esteem. Matthew is using______ to maintain an optimistic outlook. A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

answer

C. Downward social comparison

question

All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. A) pressure B) uncontrollability C) frustration D) aggression

answer

D. Aggression

question

The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________. A) endocrine system B) immune system C) respiratory system D) sympathetic nervous system

answer

B. Immune system

question

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________. A) synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles B) the central and somatic systems are activated C) the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones D) neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated

answer

C. The sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

question

Which of the following is the most stressful of all conflicts, causing many people to go back and forth between one decision and the other, or be unable to decide for or against the event? A) approach-avoidance B) incompatible demands C) avoidance-avoidance D) approach-approach

answer

A. Approach-avoidance

question

Optimists tend to use alternative thinking to__________. A) come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur B) improve their cognitive abilities C) find a scapegoat D) make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others

answer

A. Tend to come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur

question

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

answer

B. Exhaustion

question

The negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration are called__________. A) eustress B) epidemiology C) burnout D) dysphoria

answer

C. Burnout

question

Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress? A) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating B) depression, fear, irritability C) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, anger D) chest pains, nausea, memory loss

answer

A. Difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating

question

All of the following statements are true about bulimia EXCEPT __________. A) bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa B) bulimics have a distorted body image C) bulimics have a distorted view of how much food is too much food D) binge eating and vomiting are common symptoms

answer

A. Bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa

question

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to_________. A) major life events B) negative life events C) natural disasters D) social difficulties

answer

A. Major life events

question

The _________nervous system returns the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after a stressful period. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) central D) somatic

answer

B. Parasympathetic

question

Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? A) Lazarus B) Berkowitz C) Holmes and Rahe D) Hans Selye

answer

D. Hans Selye

question

An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. A) anxiety B) pressure C) cognitive dissonance D) overload

answer

B. Pressure

question

Lupe works 50 hours each week. However, she plays tennis twice a week and attends a book group every Tuesday night. By engaging in fun activities each week, Lupe is_________. A) going to experience burnout B) a workaholic C) a type A personality D) helping herself avoid burnout

answer

D. Helping herself avoid burnout

question

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________________. A) dissociation B) anorexia nervosa C) bulimia nervosa D) obesity phobia

answer

B. Anorexia nervosa

question

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict? A) A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream. B) A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti. C) A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points. D) A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories.

answer

C. A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points

question

Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. Results of this study indicate_____________. A) the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study B) the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals C) the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals D) the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals

answer

B. The exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals

question

Which of the following is a myth about suicide? A) People who intend to commit suicide usually talk about it. B) People who intend to commit suicide may seem to be in good spirits because they have made the decision to take their life and are looking forward to the escape. C) People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it—they just want attention. D) People who intend to commit suicide may clear out desks and lockers and settle their finances.

answer

C. People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it- they just want attention

question

If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called receptive meditation, he is most likely_______. A) focusing on the sound of his breathing B) trying to expand consciousness outward C) sleeping D) using biofeedback equipment

answer

B. Trying to expand consciousness outward

question

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as _________. A) stress dysfunctions B) cellular erectile difficulties C) organic dysfunctions D) hormonal deficit dysfunctions

answer

C. Organic dysfunctions

question

Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? A) eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people, or throwing things B) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea C) depression, fear, anger D) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks

answer

C. Depression, fear, anger

question

Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

answer

A. Sympathetic

question

The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________. A) divorce B) leaving the country C) suicide D) anhedonia

answer

C. Suicide

question

One contributing factor for the increasing rise of road rage is ____________. A) integration B) acculturation C) overcrowding D) assimilating

answer

C. Overcrowding

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the methods that people should use to keep a positive outlook? A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

answer

D. Scapegoating

question

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love EXCEPT ________________. A) intimacy B) commitment C) loyalty D) passion

answer

C. Loyalty

question

What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? A) interpersonal attraction B) love C) appeal D) cognitive dissonance

answer

A. Interpersonal attraction

question

In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, the teachers were given a "sample shock" of _______ volts. A) 25 B) 30 C) 45 D) 10

answer

C. 45

question

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing? A) Tony, an Italian American born in New York B) Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong C) Shireese, an African American born in New Jersey D) Mark, an Irish American born in Kansas

answer

B. Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

question

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? A) Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. B) Women performed the tasks for less money than men. C) Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. D) Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups.

answer

A. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting that did those who got $20

question

A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________. A) foot-in-the-door effect B) the norm of reciprocity C) returning a favor D) indebtedness

answer

B. The norm of reciprocity

question

Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity? A) My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus. B) My name is Dan and I play the trumpet. C) My name is Mario and I like tuna fish. D) I am Sam and I own a car.

answer

A. My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus

question

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? A) polarization phenomenon B) risky shift C) door-in-the-face effect D) foot-in-the-door effect

answer

D. Foot-in-the-door effect

question

Dr. Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups. One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text but would get 2 extra points on the next test. The other group also read 20 pages but were given 25 points added to the next test. The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was. According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study, what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class? A) The first-period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring. B) The first-period class would say the pages were boring but the second-period class would not. C) Both groups would say the pages were interesting. D) Both groups would say the pages were boring.

answer

A. The fist period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring

question

Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? A) Two tennis players become good friends. B) A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. C) A girl marries the boy next door. D) A dominant woman marries a submissive man.

answer

D. A dominant woman marries a submissive man

question

Social comparison occurs when _______________. A) two people order food in a restaurant B) two people enter a beauty contest C) playing solitaire D) someone asks you to give them directions

answer

B. Two people enter a beauty contest

question

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? A) Fundamental attribution error appears to be universal. B) Most cultures attribute behavior to dispositional causes. C) Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States. D) Western cultures seem to make more situational attributions than Eastern cultures.

answer

C. Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions that Western cultures such as the United States

question

You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error? A) the yeller is a mean, angry person B) the cashier is overworked C) the yeller has had a bad day D) the cashier has had a bad day

answer

A. The yeller is a mean, angry person

question

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of _____ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____. A) attribution; stereotyping B) discrimination; prejudice C) prejudice; discrimination D) stereotyping; attribution

answer

C. Prejudic; discrimination

question

A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. A) conformity B) an attitude C) bystander apathy D) groupthink

answer

B. An attitude

question

All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT _______________. A) control group B) identification C) in-group D) social comparison

answer

A. Control group

question

There is currently a long history of fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians, and many attempts to resolve these conflicts have failed. According to the ____________ theory, the prejudice and discrimination that exists between the two groups will continue to rise as the conflict over limited land in Israel continues. A) social diffusion B) realistic conflict C) genesis of bias D) prosocial inhibition

answer

B. Realistic conflict

question

A college instructor's schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds, "This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it." What concept might a social psychologist use to explain the high grades this class obtained and the teacher's high opinion of the class? A) collectivism B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) subject bias D) covert sensitization

answer

B. Self-fulfilling prophecy

question

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. A) solidarity think B) consumerism C) groupthink D) mass thought

answer

C. Groupthink

question

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____. A) the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming B) people today watch more television C) people in the 1950s had less money D) people today are more obedient

answer

A. The nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming

question

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________. A) learning B) intuition C) conformity D) reinforcement

answer

A. Learning

question

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané? A) Most people "do not want to become involved." B) Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond. C) The fight-or-flight response is not activated when others are in danger. D) People are too busy to respond.

answer

B. Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond

question

All of the following are ways to reduce prejudice EXCEPT ______________. A) equal status contact B) intergroup contact C) scapegoating D) mutual interdependence

answer

C. Scapegoating

question

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) bait-and-switch B) foot-in-the-door C) primacy D) lowball

answer

D. Lowball

question

Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? A) classification B) stereotype C) expectation D) categorization

answer

B. Stereotype

question

In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity? A) the task difficulty was increased B) the confederates were all adults C) the participants were given two chances at responding D) the number of confederates increased

answer

D. The number of confederates increased

question

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______. A) the bystander effect B) obedience to authority C) conformity to social norms help. D) pluralistic compliance

answer

A. The bystander effect

question

Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? A) continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts B) developing new thoughts to justify the behavior C) changing the behavior to match the attitude D) changing the thought to justify the behavior

answer

A. Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

question

What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students? A) the Vietnam War B) the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. C) the assassination of John Lennon D) the assassination of President John F. Kennedy

answer

B. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

question

Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. A) groupthink B) fundamental attribution error C) self-serving bias D) generational identity

answer

A. Groupthink

question

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________. A) causal analysis B) ascribing values C) attribution D) nonverbal communication

answer

C. Attribution

question

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? A) Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. B) The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. C) Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. D) The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.

answer

B. The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed

question

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding research into the relationship between violent video games and aggression in children? A) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in physical aggression. B) Playing violent video games causes increased aggression. C) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in verbal aggression. D) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will have aggressive thoughts and emotions.

answer

B. Playing violent video games causes increased aggression

question

What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion? A) Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive. B) Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion. C) Expertise has no effect on persuasion. D) Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive.

answer

B. Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion

question

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. The members who didn't necessarily think this was a good idea said nothing. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? A) social influence B) prosocial behavior C) altruism D) groupthink

answer

D. Groupthink

question

At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of ________ to increase sales. A) social facilitation B) the norm of reciprocity C) group polarization D) deindividuation

answer

B. The norm of reciprocity

question

How does the jigsaw classroom operate? A) Students are all given separate puzzles to solve. B) Students are told that one student holds the key to solving a problem and they must find out who it is. C) Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. D) Students compete to win a top award.

answer

C. Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem

question

"Mommy, mommy, mommy," your young son asks frantically. "Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted. A) lowball B) that's-not-all C) door-in-the-face D) foot-in-the-door

answer

C. Door-in-the-face

question

The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? A) central-route processing B) peripheral-route processing C) under-route processing D) classic-route processing

answer

A. Central-route processing

question

Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error? A) We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. B) We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others. C) We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. D) We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.

answer

D. We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes

question

The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ______. A) the primacy effect B) attribution theory C) cognitive dissonance D) stereotyping

answer

B. Attribution theory

question

When opposites attract, it is said that they have __________ characteristics. A) proximal B) reciprocal C) complementary D) rewarding

answer

C. Complementary

question

Which statement is more likely to be true concerning attributions made by Americans versus Chinese people? A) they both tend to make situational cause errors B) Chinese people are more likely to make dispositional errors, whereas Americans are more likely to make situational errors. C) Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people. D) they both tend to make dispositional cause errors

answer

C. Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people

question

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? A) an attractive person who is an expert B) a moderately attractive person who is an expert C) a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise D) an attractive person who has moderate expertise

answer

A. An attractive person who is an expert

question

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______. A) Singer B) Milgram C) Luchens D) Asch

answer

D. Asch

question

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? A) affectance B) persuasion C) conversion D) enticement

answer

B. Persuasion

question

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. B) Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice. C) Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts. D) Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses.

answer

C. Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts

question

You've always disliked a particular coworker who strikes you as dishonest, but he is nice to you and does you favors, so you become friendly with him despite your misgivings. One day you learn that he stole personal items from your desk. You now decide to discontinue the friendship. Your negative attitude toward this coworker is strengthened through ___________. A) instrumental learning B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) reduction of cognitive dissonance

answer

D. Reduction of cognitive dissonance

question

Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? A) "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." B) "No one I know who smokes is sick." C) "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful." D) "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems."

answer

A. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop"

question

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward? A) altruism B) interdependence C) collectivism D) humanitarianism

answer

A. Altruism

question

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company's insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? A) peripheral-route B) secondary-route C) tertiary-route D) central-route

answer

A. Peripheral-route

question

What is the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as? A) situational bias B) altruism C) first impression D) negative attribution

answer

C. First impression

question

The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict ______. A) between two groups B) within an in-group C) between two members of an in-group D) within an out-group

answer

A. Between two groups

question

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. A) feeling B) intuition C) behavioral D) cognitive

answer

D. Cognitive

question

When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____. A) with an unconscious motivation B) that is a biological trait C) in the person's disposition D) in the environment

answer

D. In the environment

question

The term psychologists use for how close two people live to each other is ______. A) similarity B) proximity C) complimentarity D) propinquity

answer

B. Proximity

question

What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? A) social interaction B) interpersonal judgment C) impression formation D) stereotyping

answer

C. Impression formation

question

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. A) that's-not-all B) there's-still-more C) that's-all-folks D) one-mo'-time

answer

A. That's-not-all

question

According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help? A) person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour B) person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot C) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom D) person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

answer

D. Person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

question

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. A) compliance B) obedience C) conformity D) persuasion

answer

A. Compliance

question

A group of four friends, two men and two women, are out for an evening on the town. "I'd like to go to the bookstore and get coffee," one of the women says. "Nah, lets go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band," one of the men replies. What does Solomon Asch's research suggest will be the likely outcome? A) The group will probably do both tasks, as Asch found that in a group with both men and women compromise tends to be the likely outcome. B) The group will end up going in two separate ways - the women to the bookstore and the men to the club- as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments. C) The group will probably go to the bookstore, as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women then the demands of other men. D) The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.

answer

D. The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.

question

Which of the following qualities would make members of a target audience easier to persuade? A) highly educated members B) older members C) experts in the field D) younger members

answer

D. Younger members

question

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. A) returning-a-favor B) foot-in-the-door C) reciprocity D) indebtedness

answer

B. Foot-in-the-door

question

It is 1951, and you are going to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________. A) social loafing B) groupthink C) bystander apathy D) conformity

answer

D. Conformity

question

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time. A) one-fifth B) three-fourths C) one-half D) one-third

answer

D. One-third

question

We tend to _________ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. A) ignore B) dislike C) hate D) like

answer

D. Like

question

In order to reduce groupthink, which of the following strategies would NOT be employed? A) voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands B) making sure that group leaders remain impartial C) finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires D) seeing opinions of people outside of the group

answer

C. Finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes associated with social identity theory? A) social categorization B) authoritarianism C) social comparison D) identification

answer

B. Authoritarianism

question

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called______________. A) mental set B) mindlessness C) a stereotype D) a fundamental attribution error

answer

C. A sterotype

question

In what way is compliance different from conformity? A) Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. B) Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. C) Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. D) Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.

answer

A. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

question

The World-Will-End-on-June-7 group got together on June 7 to pray as the world ended. The next day the world did not end. The leader of the group said, "Our prayers saved the world." What process was responsible for the attitude change? A) operant conditioning B) cognitive dissonance. Saying that their prayers saved the world served that purpose. C) classical conditioning D) positive reinforcement

answer

B. Cognitive dissonance. Saying their prayers saved the world served that purpose.

question

The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. A) door-in-the-face B) lowball C) foot-in-the-door D) bait-and-switch

answer

A. Door-in-the-face

question

What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration? A) second grade B) kindergarten C) third grade D) first grade

answer

A. Second grade

question

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? A) Bea feels recycling is a great concept. B) Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. C) Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. D) Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.

answer

B. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

question

What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? A) scapegoating B) deindividuation C) groupthink D) pariah formation

answer

A. Scapegoating

question

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient? A) submissiveness B) No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience. C) hostility D) aggressiveness

answer

B. No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience

question

Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of ______. A) prejudice B) discrimination C) ambiguity D) oppression

answer

B. Discrimination

question

What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) fundamental attribution error C) augmenting principle D) availability heuristic

answer

B. Fundamental attribution error

question

While watching Jeopardy, your roommate says, "Alex Trebek knows all the answers. He must be a genius." You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of ______. A) social facilitation B) stereotyping illusions C) fundamental attribution errors D) internal attribution biases

answer

C. Fundamental attribution errors

question

In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring? A) 6 B) 12 C) 4 D) 2

answer

C. 4

question

Which of the following parts of the brain are related to aggression? A) the amygdala B) the limbic system C) neither A nor B D) both A and B

answer

D. Both A and B

question

One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________. A) TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive B) TV causes violence C) violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children D) aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

answer

D. Aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

question

What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers? A) antisocial behavior effect B) bystander effect C) sole-witness effect D) subtle aggressive effect

answer

B. Bystander effect

question

You are in the market for a new car. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive? A) groupthink and social facilitation B) norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door C) that's-not-all and foot-in-the-door D) social facilitation and norm of reciprocity

answer

B. Norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door

question

"Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. A) norm of reciprocity B) obedience C) door-in-the-face D) lowball

answer

D. Lowball

question

"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to __________. A) emotional expression B) similarity C) reinforcement D) self-disclosure

answer

B. Similarity

question

When watching an infomercial offering the latest and greatest in laundry soap products the pitchman continually asks how much you'd be willing to pay, but immediately after telling you the price he yells, "plus, if you act now, we'll double your order absolutely free!" This is a classic example of the _____________ technique. A) door-in-the-face B) lowballing C) order-now D) that's-not-all

answer

D. That's-not-all

question

Why do we engage in the stereotyping of people? A) to validate our assumptions B) to provide more complete information about individuals C) to reduce the amount of information we need to process D) to help us perceive people more accurately

answer

C. To reduce the amount of information we need to process

question

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present. A) five B) three C) four D) six

answer

C. Four

question

Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself? A) This relationship will never work out because research suggests that students going away to college change so much that they become unrecognizable to those with whom they formerly had relationships. B) I wish he'd realize that everything he's saying makes it sound like they are too similar for each other, and people who date others with whom they share a lot of similarities usually end up breaking up. C) I'm going to have to listen to this all year, because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run. D) This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.

answer

D. This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away

question

A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, "He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? A) They are making attributions. B) They are forming initial impressions of Ray. C) They are conforming to the group's norms. D) They are reducing dissonance levels.

answer

A. They are making attributions

question

Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? A) high levels of societal dependence B) high level of individualism C) low socioeconomic status D) sex-role stereotypes

answer

B. High levels of individualism

question

Attributions are __________________. A) innate personality traits B) genetic predispositions to behave a certain way C) explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others. D) physical qualities people have such as attractiveness

answer

C. Explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others

question

What is a difference between obedience and conformity? A) Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request. B) In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. C) In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. D) Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not.

answer

B. In obedience there is a difference in the status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

question

Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? A) Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman B) Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman C) Jethro, a 18-year old Caucasian man D) Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

answer

D. Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

question

The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________. A) peptone B) testosterone C) MDH D) estrogen

answer

B. Testosterone

question

You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? A) affective B) behavioral C) cognitive D) situational

answer

C. Cognitive

question

Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience? A) Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs. B) Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners. C) A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine. D) Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts.

answer

D. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts

question

What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? A) cognitions B) stereotypes C) attributions D) attitudes

answer

D. Attitudes

question

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research? A) Individuals easily conform to group norms. B) The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. C) Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request. D) People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

answer

D. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

question

Which of the following individuals is the most likely candidate to join a cult? A) Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never fights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood B) Brenda who is disappointed with the president, lives with her sister, and has a great job C) Jane who is a straight A student and has a great relationship with her parents but just broke up with her boyfriend D) Dan who just got a job, has a great marriage but is unhappy with his religion

answer

A. Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never rights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood

question

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. B) I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity. C) I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants. D) I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise.

answer

A. I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke

question

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? A) Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. B) No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. C) Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. D) No. Looking up only means you are curious.

answer

B. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so

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