question

The belief that science can provide answers for everything is most characteristic of the _____ school of thought.

answer

Positivist

question

According to Thomas Sowell's typology, those who have a/an _____vision deny an innate human nature, viewing human activities as formed anew in each different culture.

answer

Unconstrained vision

question

Universally condemned crimes are known as _____.

answer

Mala in se

question

In the eyes of the law, a person reneging on a contract is handled as a _____.

answer

Private wrong

question

_____ criminologists tend to believe that the only real cause of crime is capitalism.

answer

Marxist

question

Which of the following is an example of a direct cost of crime?

answer

Salaries and benefits of personnel

question

The _____ school of thought emphasizes human rationality and free will in its explanations of criminal behavior.

answer

Classical

question

Lombroso's theory of the born criminal was aligned with which school of thought?

answer

Positivist

question

Which of the following is an example of an indirect cost of crime?

answer

The expense of private surveillance and security devices

question

During the Progressive Era (from about 1890 to 1920), _____ became the primary disciplinary home of criminology

answer

Sociology

question

True or False? Prostitution is an act that would be considered mala in se.

answer

False

question

True or False? Criminality is the scientific study of crime and criminals.

answer

False

question

True or False? The emotional pain and suffering experienced by crime victims is easy to quantify.

answer

False

question

True or False? The unconstrained vision denies the existence of an innate human nature, instead holding that human nature is formed anew in each different culture.

answer

True

question

True or False? The 1990s and early 2000s witnessed a strong resurgence of biosocial theories, which view behavior as the result of biological factors interacting with the environments of the actors involved.

answer

True

question

Your professor believes that one of the most important skills to develop in higher education is our ability to continually examine, form, and reform our worldviews based on available theory and evidence.

answer

True

question

One of the main characteristics that differs among the schools of criminology is their assumptions about human nature.

answer

True

question

Which of the following was NOT identified as one of the key elements of a formal argument? a. A primary claim with supporting theory and evidence b. A counter-claim with supporting theory and evidence c. Policy implications of the argument d. How to get a new policy enacted

answer

How to get a new policy enacted

question

Both ideological and evidence-informed decision-making rely heavily on the use of empirical data (i.e., findings from systematic research studies).

answer

False

question

Which of the following best characterizes the study of Criminal Justice as presented by your professor? a. How the police, courts and corrections should be organized, operated and evaluated b. Different theories that are used to explain why people engage in deviant activity c. The causes, consequences and societal responses to crime and disorder d. None of the above

answer

c. The causes, consequences and societal responses to crime and disorder

question

One of the main reasons it's important for criminal justice majors to learn how to make a strong argument is because your professors believe that evidence-informed views have greater value for justice-professionals than ideologically informed views.

answer

True

question

According to those who research learning processes, it is very difficult to get people to form views to explain why people engage in criminal behavior.

answer

False

question

One of the key aspects of making a strong critical argument is the recognition that your conclusion may need to change with the development of new theory and/or relevant evidence.

answer

True

question

According to CRJ 102 course instructions, if you need to contact the professor by email you can either send a message through her main university account or through the SacCT course email account.

answer

False

question

___________ number of course quizzes will be counted for credit.

answer

10

question

The primary source of official crime statistics in the United States is the annual _______ published by the FBI.

answer

UCR

question

Methamphetamine is most common in which part of the United States?

answer

Western states

question

NIBRS collects crime data from which of the following categories?

answer

Group A and Group B offenses

question

One weakness of NIBRS is that it:

answer

Has not yet been widely adopted by police agencies.

question

One weakness of the NCVS is that it:

answer

Does not provide any statistics on victimless crimes.

question

A criminologist wants to learn about the rates of truancy and smoking among adolescents. To do this, (s)he would be best-served by referencing which of the following sources?

answer

Self-report surveys

question

The hierarchy rule impacts which data source?

answer

UCR

question

If a person is arrested and charged for a Part I offense, the UCR records the crime as _____ by arrest.

answer

Cleared

question

Which of the following is true of the number of crimes reported to police?

answer

Due to unreported crimes, this number is smaller than the number of crimes actually committed.

question

When attempting to understand, predict, and control any social problem, including the crime problem, the first step is to determine its _____.

answer

Extent

question

The hierarchy rule refers to the:

answer

Practice of only reporting the most serious offense committed in a given incident.

question

The official source of crime data that includes detailed information on the circumstances surrounding a criminal incident, including victim and offender characteristics is known as:

answer

NIBRS

question

The term index crime refers to:

answer

Part I offenses on the UCR.

question

True or False? Because all data sources converge on some very important points about crime, they enable us to proceed with at least some confidence in our endeavors to understand the whys of crime.

answer

True

question

True or False? The UCR is the primary source of official crime statistics in the United States.

answer

True

question

True or False? Because NCVS only surveys households, crimes committed against commercial establishments are not included.

answer

True

question

True or False? The UCR report provides both crime trends and the reasons behind them.

answer

False

question

True or False? Females tend to be more honest than males in their responses to self-report surveys.

answer

True

question

True or False? Part II offenses are all universally condemned mala in se offenses.

answer

False

question

Certain predispositional factors may be linked to "anti-social" behavior such as excessive or inappropriate displays of which of the following: a. Aggression b. Violence c.Impulsivity d. All of the above

answer

d. All of the above

question

Institutions of socialization were defined as those social structures and processes that teach us how to think of ourselves and treat others.

answer

True

question

Interactions between nurture and nature can either enhance or inhibit the potential for positive or negative behavior to emerge.

answer

True

question

Which of the following was NOT identified as a major institution of socialization?

answer

The civil courts

question

Which of three strategies examined in the 2014 Philadelphia "hot spots" policing experiment were found to be most effective?

answer

Strategies that focused on repeat violent offenders

question

In her TED talk titled "Smart Statistics" Anne Milgram found that it's better to base criminal justice decision-making on crime data, and do our best to completely eliminate the use of discretion.

answer

False

question

The New York City Inspector General's assessment of "quality-of-life" policing practices in the city found strong empirical evidence to support a link between arrests for minor offenses and a drop in felony crime.

answer

False

question

Until recently, the _____ was the forgotten party in the criminal justice system.

answer

Victim

question

Which of the following is not an occupation most at risk for workplace violence?

answer

Postal worker

question

The shock, anger, and depression that typically afflicts a rape victim is known as:

answer

Rape trauma syndrome

question

Girls are most likely to be molested by _____.

answer

Family members

question

Some victims describe _____ as the rape of their home.

answer

Burglary

question

___________ are likely to be attractive targets for crime because they can be victimized with little chance of legal consequences.

answer

Offenders

question

Victim precipitation theory is most contentious when it is applied to _____.

answer

Rape

question

The worse consequences for most crime victims are _____.

answer

Psychological

question

Which of the following are the most likely to get killed on the job?

answer

Correctional Officers

question

Violent victimization and violent offending share many of the same

answer

Risk factors

question

A British study of burglary victims found that ____ percent reacted with anger.

answer

65%

question

Which of the following decreases individuals risk of victimization? Aging. Being married. Increasing household income. All of the above.

answer

All of the above

question

Which of the following is the safest job category?

answer

University Professors

question

Victim precipitation theory:

answer

Maintains that by acting in certain provocative ways some individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their victimization.

question

The strongest single predictor that girls will be molested during childhood is:

answer

Presence of a stepfather.

question

Those who work _____ are at a higher risk for on-the-job victimization. Alone At night With money All of the above

answer

All of the above

question

_____ are at the highest risk of victimization for aggravated assault.

answer

Blacks

question

True or False? The risk factors for victimization are basically the same as the risk factors for victimizing in terms of gender, race, age, SES, personal characteristics, and neighborhood.

answer

True

question

True or False? Traditional bullying includes anything designed to hurt sent by electronic means.

answer

False

question

True or False? Seriously violent delinquents are more likely to be violently victimized than non-delinquents.

answer

True

question

True or False? Most victimization is random and unpredictable.

answer

False

question

True or False? According to research by DeVoe et al (2012), bullying seems not all that prevalent with only 26.5% of students reporting being victims of bullying.

answer

True

question

True or False? Until fairly recently, victims were the forgotten party in the criminal justice system.

answer

True

question

Rational choice theory is most closely linked to the _____ school.

answer

Classical

question

_____ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.

answer

Hedonistic calculus

question

_____ is the prevention of criminal acts by the use or threat of punishment.

answer

Deterrence

question

Engaging in a debate about the death penalty, one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders, it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense. This is most clearly representative of the _____ school of criminology.

answer

Italian

question

_____ is a concept in rational choice theory referring to how people decide to offend.

answer

Choice structuring

question

_____ specifically refers to the concept that people have the capacity to make choices, and the moral responsibility to make moral choices regardless of any constraints that might exist.

answer

Human Agency

question

The 8th Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment; this is most closely aligned with the ideas of which of the following?

answer

Cesare Beccaria

question

The doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life is known as:

answer

Hedonism

question

The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as:

answer

The principle of utility.

question

According to Raffael Garofalo, societies can only be protected from _____ criminals by swiftly executing them, regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.

answer

Extreme

question

True or False? Social defense theorists view crime in terms of Bentham's principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

answer

False

question

True or false? Balance, if on the side of pleasure, will give the general evil tendency of the act.

answer

False

question

True or False? Routine activities theory looks at crime from the points of view of both the offender and of crime prevention efforts.

answer

True

question

True or False? Beccaria believed that capital punishment could not be an effective deterrent and that life imprisonment would be more effective.

answer

True

question

Views of crime causation grounded in concept of "determinism"

answer

positivist

question

Tends to hold a more "liberal" view of crime and criminality

answer

positivist

question

Views grounded in concept of "free-will

answer

Classical

question

Strong belief in role of criminal justice system to promote human growth and development

answer

Integral

question

Views humans as operating from different stages of consciousness

answer

Integral

question

Strong belief in value of uniform punishment for those convicted of same crimes

answer

Classical

question

Stresses importance of examining dependent variable from multiple perspectives

answer

Integral

question

Attempts to combine insights from both liberal and conservative perspectives

answer

Integral

question

_____ refers to the breakdown of the power of informal community rules to regulate conduct.

answer

Social disorganization

question

Building on the work of Shaw and McKay, Robert Sampson has suggested that _____ is effective at reducing crime.

answer

Increasing collective efficacy

question

Even though Johnny realizes that he will never reach the economic and occupational success of which he once dreamed, he continues to go to work each day and diligently complete the tasks assigned to him. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?

answer

Ritualism

question

Walter Miller suggested that _____ is/are part of a value system and lifestyle that has emerged from the realities of life on the bottom rung of society.

answer

Focal Concerns

question

According to Cloward and Ohlin, individuals who are born into an established and organized delinquent subculture join_____ gangs.

answer

Criminal

question

How would a social disorganization theorist explain the crime of bank robbery?

answer

The offender must have come from a community that lacked informal social controls.

question

Which mode of adaptation is characterized by the rejection of legitimate cultural goals and the institutionalized means of attaining them?

answer

Retreatism

question

A high school student steals money from a classmate's locker. How would institutional anomie theory account for this crime?

answer

The offender was influenced by America's strong cultural emphasis on economic success.

question

According to Cohen, difficulty adjusting to middle-class measuring rods can lead to:

answer

Status Frustration

question

According to the tenets of institutional anomie theory, which of the following would be a useful policy goal?

answer

Reduce the role of economic factors in other social institutions such as the family.

question

True or False? The main argument of "opportunity structure theory" is that crime is inherent to the values of American culture.

answer

False

question

True or False? Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delinquents always came from the same neighborhood regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods.

answer

True

question

True or False? According to Agnew, we all experience multiple strains throughout our lives, but the impact of strain differs according to its magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering

answer

True

question

True or False? In socially disorganized neighborhoods, a large majority of residents engage in serious crime.

answer

False

question

True or False? According to Strain Theory, strain results from negative emotions that arise from negative relationships with others and may lead to crime.

answer

True

question

True or False? According to strain theory, individuals who accept traditional goals, but reject the accepted means of achieving them, are known as rebels.

answer

False

question

True or False? Structural theorists are interested in seeking the social causes of crime rates, rather than why particular individuals commit crime.

answer

True

question

True or False? According to Cohen, lower-class youth desire approval and status, but because they cannot meet middle-class criteria, they become frustrated.

answer

True

question

According to the Integral Justice school of thought, policies and programs that have explicitly addressed a greater number of perspectives on the issue under review are likely to produce more effective results than those which have addressed fewer perspectives.

answer

True

question

"Bounded rationality" refers to the idea that people have free-will, but it is bounded by their socialization and pre-dispositional factors.

answer

True

question

Which statement best defines the concept of "epigenetics" as presented in class materials?

answer

The influence of environment on the expression of genes.

question

Interactions between nurture and nature can either enhance or inhibit the potential for positive or negative behavior to emerge.

answer

True

question

One of the key aspects of making a strong critical argument is the recognition that your conclusion may need to change with the development of new theory and/or relevant evidence.

answer

True

question

According to the Differential Justice Theory presented in the video clip, the poor are often able to avoid being labeled "deviant" since people with more resources often see their behavior as "normal for their class."

answer

False

question

Which of the following points were NOT discussed in the video clip on "Neighborhood Safety & Crime"?

answer

Although neighborhoods can have different crime rates, individual demographic characteristics explain more of the variation in these rates

question

_____ argues that an individual's propensity for crime is largely determined during childhood as a result of incompetent parenting, and tends to persist thereafter.

answer

Self-control theory

question

Which of the following is one of the four elements of the social bond according to Hirschi? Attachment Commitment Belief All of the Above

answer

All of the above are elements of the social bond.

question

Differential association theory is the brainchild of criminologist _____.

answer

Edwin Sutherland

question

Which of the following social control variables was found to be significantly and positively related to criminal behavior?

answer

Attachment to peers

question

_____ is a perspective on learning that asserts that behavior is governed and shaped by consequences.

answer

Operant psychology

question

_____ takes place when a person is induced or forced to act according to the values of the given society, whether it is in accordance with his or her own interests or not.

answer

Social control

question

According to __________ theory, individuals develop internalized definitions that are favorable or unfavorable toward violating the law.

answer

Differential association

question

_____ shifts the focus from the actor (the criminal) to the reactor (i.e., the criminal justice system) in exploring the causes of crime.

answer

Labeling theory

question

Which of the following provides an explanation for how people learn to commit crime from those around them?

answer

Differential association theory

question

A major criticism of _________ theory is that it is a general theory meant to explain all crime.

answer

Self-control

question

_____ stimuli are presented before a behavior occurs, and then has an impact on that behavior's likelihood of being repeated.

answer

Discriminative

question

The view that offenders are risk-taking, oriented to the present, and lacking in patience, is most representative of which theory?

answer

Self-control theory

question

_____ refers to the acceptance of social norms regulating conduct.

answer

Belief

question

According to Lemert, _____ deviance is deviance that results from society's reaction to offender's initial nonconforming behavior.

answer

Secondary

question

Frank Tannenbaum referred to the process of labeling a person criminal as _____:

answer

The dramatizing of evil

question

Which of the following was used to measure the adult social bond?

answer

Attachment to parents

question

According to differential association theory, ___________ become favorable to law violation according to the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity of exposure to them.

answer

Definitions

question

True or False? Neutralization theory suggests that offenders are completely detached from conventional norms

answer

False

question

True or False? According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, levels of self-control fluctuate substantially throughout the life course

answer

False

question

True or False? Social process theorists believe that if we wish to understand social behavior, we have to understand how individuals subjectively perceive their social reality.

answer

True

question

True or False? Labeling theory argues that processing law violators through the criminal justice system may actually embed individuals further into a criminal lifestyle, rather than having a deterrent effect.

answer

True

question

True or False? Differential association theory asserts that differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

answer

True

question

True or False? According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's self-control theory, low self-control is sufficient to account for criminal offending.

answer

False

question

_____ justice is a system of mediation and conflict resolution that is focused on repairing the harm that has been caused by crime.

answer

Restorative

question

________ criminology urges us to make peace on crime.

answer

Peacemaking

question

_____ criminology argues that an overemphasis on punishing criminals serves to escalate rather than decrease violence.

answer

Peacemaking

question

In Marxist theory, which of the following terms was used to refer to the oppressed working class?

answer

Proletariat

question

The _________ hypothesis argues that the woman's liberation movement has generated efforts by women to free themselves from the power of men, but by doing so they have freed men from their traditional roles as providers.

answer

Economic marginalization

question

Johnny owns a factory with several employees. In Marxist thought, he would best be identified as a member of the _____.

answer

Bourgeoisie

question

A major critique of _____ theory is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala in se crimes.

answer

Conflict

question

Peacemaking criminology advocates _____ in response to crime.

answer

Restorative justice

question

A pattern of justice, which emphasizes treating women offenders as though they were men in the name of equal justice, is sometimes referred to as:

answer

Vengeful equity

question

The _____ perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism, conflict, and feminist theories.

answer

Critical

question

_____ focused on social life as a continual struggle to maintain or improve one's group interests, with interest groups continually forming and disbanding as conflicts arise and are resolved.

answer

George Vold

question

Freda Adler suggested that as females increasingly adopt male roles in society, they will become as crime-prone as men, in what is known as the ____ hypothesis.

answer

Masculinization

question

_____ is a condition that entails the estrangement or distancing of individuals from something, such as another person, society in general, or the products of their labor.

answer

Alienation

question

________ means focusing on the ways in which the definition of the crime problem and criminal justice practices support patriarchal practices and worldviews.

answer

Theorizing patriarchy and crime

question

One of the central concepts in Marxist thought is that _____ underlie(s) people's knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.

answer

The material conditions of life

question

The _____ problem refers to the question of whether traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women.

answer

Minority power groups

question

True or False? Restorative justice brings victims and offenders together to negotiate a mutually satisfactory way of correcting the wrong that has been committed.

answer

True

question

True or False? The gender--ratio problem asks the question: do traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women?

answer

False

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