Unit 1 Criminology - Flashcards

question

As social constructs change, some acts move from being deemed ________ to being declared _________, such as cell phone use while driving.

answer

deviant; illegal

question

All of the following are types of prisons EXCEPT:

answer

standard

question

Highway patrol can investigate any major crime in the state they operate within.

answer

False

question

Every court, not including the U.S. Supreme Court, is limited in terms of jurisdiction.

answer

False

question

According to conflict perspective, conflict is often resolved when the group in power achieves _________.

answer

control

question

The general purpose of the criminal justice system includes all of the following EXCEPT

answer

community support

question

The predictor variable X is also known as the __________ variable.

answer

independent

question

The term criminology was first coined by ___________.

answer

Raffaele Garafalo

question

Deviant acts are against the law or considered illegal

answer

False

question

The _________ has been used to collect information annually on the use of illegal drugs by individuals in the United States and is one of the largest surveys of drug use ever conducted in the United States.

answer

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

question

____________ conditions of probation are those that require the offender to regularly report to their supervising officer, obey the laws, submitting to searches, and not possessing a firearm or using drugs.

answer

general

question

____________ surveys 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students about substance and alcohol use to develop patterns.

answer

Monitoring the Future

question

The state police have the additional function of _________ as compared to highway patrol.

answer

the development of intelligence units

question

Social science is a difficult field in terms of establishing _________ in relation to postulated theories.

answer

causality

question

The earliest form of state police agency to emerge in the United States was the Texas Rangers.

answer

True

question

Once an offender is convicted and sentenced, they can be given all of the following EXCEPT: Selected Answer:

answer

parole

question

An example of a mala prohibita crime is prostitution.

answer

False

question

When other factors (Z) are actually causing two variables (X and Y) to occur at the same time. When this happens, it may appear that as if X is causing Y, when in fact they are both being caused by Z.

answer

spuriousness

question

Individuals awaiting trial are housed in prisons.

answer

False

question

Courts of ____________ jurisdiction are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts.

answer

appellate

question

The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 amended the original act to include crimes based on only physical disabilities, which should also be viewed as hate crimes.

answer

False

question

Courts of general jurisdiction have the power and authority to try and decide any case, including appeals from lower courts.

answer

False

question

The question, Why are some behaviors defined as criminal while others are not? is considered part of the conflict perspective.

answer

False

question

Courts of ____________ jurisdiction do not have power that extends to the overall administration of justice; thus, they do not try felony cases and do not have appellate authority.

answer

limited

question

_________ is an example of residential sanctions (alternatives to jail or prison sentences).

answer

halfway houses

question

When a judge combines probation and incarceration it is called shock incarceration.

answer

False

question

The term criminal justice often refers to all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Investigations

question

According to UCR data, violent crime in the United States has _________ in 5 and 10 year pattern comparisons

answer

decreased

question

Ensuring that predictor variable (X) comes before an explanatory variable (Y) is termed correlation.

answer

False

question

All of the following are considered federal law enforcement agencies EXCEPT:

answer

Special Weapons and Tactics Teams

question

Statutory exclusion provisions exclude certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction; cases originate in criminal rather than juvenile court.

answer

False

question

Crimes that are considered an act which is not inherently immoral, but become so because its commission is expressly forbidden by positive law are called ________.

answer

mala prohibita

question

Conflict perspective believes that people obey laws not for fear of punishment but, rather, because they have internalized societal norms and values and perceive these laws as appropriate to observe rather than disobey.

answer

False

question

Participating law enforcement agencies are required to report on officers who are killed or assaulted and meet all of the following criteria EXCEPT:

answer

wearing a uniform, with or without a badge

question

According to the text, journalists play a key role in examining crime by exploring what is happening in criminal justice and revealing injustices as well as new forms of crime.

answer

False

question

The federal court stem is a three-tired model including all of the following EXCEPT

answer

U.S. claims court

question

Unit 2

answer

unit 2

question

According to Hobbes, _________ motivates individual to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates.

answer

fear

question

The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was _____________.

answer

certainty

question

Classical School theories emphasize individual decision making regardless of _________.

answer

extraneous influences

question

The treatment of Jean Valjean in Les Miserables (Valjean receives a lengthy prison sentence after stealing a loaf of bread for his starving loved ones) is an example of what type of government?

answer

authoritarian

question

According to Beccaria, perfecting _________ is/are the, surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes . .

answer

education

question

The 'Panopticon' was a structural design incorporating a wheel and spoke pattern for prisons Bentham created.

answer

True

question

What country most strictly applied Beccaria's ideas yet was the first to realize not everyone who commits a given act should be punished identically?

answer

France

question

Beccaria was behind all of the following modern day criminal justice beliefs EXCEPT:

answer

court proceedings should remain private

question

Cesare Beccaria's background in law gave him insight into what was rational in legal policy.

answer

True

question

The idea of hedonistic calculus was proposed by Beccaria and was an idea from the Classical School of thought.

answer

False

question

The vital deterrent characteristics of punishment postulated by Beccaria are all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

conforming

question

The ________________ is the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions.

answer

brutalization effect

question

All of the following are explanations given by Beccaria against the death penalty EXCEPT:

answer

inhumane punishment

question

Cesare Beccaria is known as all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Father of Policing

question

Some of the primitive theories of crime and delinquency accurately predicted who would commit offenses.

answer

False

question

Exorcisms are still used today by some religious institutions, including the Catholic Church.

answer

False

question

According to a recent Gallup Poll, public whipping (caning) was supported by the American public.

answer

True

question

In many ancient societies, what was the common response if an individual committed a criminal act?

answer

perform an exorcism or surgery

question

A government, according to Cesare Beccaria, should strive for the greatest amount of happiness shared by the greatest number of people. This concept is termed _________.

answer

utilitarianism

question

Beccaria claimed torture should not be used against defendants. Although some countries still use torture, the former United States Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez wrote a memo stating that torture of terrorist suspects by the United States military was not to be condoned.

answer

True

question

___________ was a form of punishment in which the limbs of a convicted criminal were tied to four horses and ripped from his torso as the horses were made to run in opposite directions.

answer

quartering

question

__________ is used as the basis for United States policies on punishment for criminal activity because it focuses on individual responsibility.

answer

Classical School

question

Punishment given to an individual meant to prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future is called _________ deterrence.

answer

General

question

One of the unintended outcomes of public trials and punishment was __________.

answer

deterrence

question

_____________ is the paradigm that is best suited for analysis of what types of calculations go on in someone's head before committing a crime.

answer

Classical School

question

Paradigms before the Enlightenment and contemporary times tended to focus on the human ability to choose one's own behavior and destiny.

answer

False

question

When was the concept of human decision-making and natural culpability acknowledged?

answer

Age of Enlightenment

question

The get tough on crime movement was part of the liberal agenda.

answer

False

question

The book The Origin of Species, written by ________, cast doubt on Classical and Neoclassical theories. This book introduced the concept that other influences of human behavior beyond free will and choice were at play.

answer

Charles Darwin

question

The modern example of the Three Strikes Rule is given in relation to what characteristic of punishment?

answer

severity

question

United States' citizens sometimes take for granted the right to a trial by their peers. During Lenin's rule, the bench-trials of the old system in Russia produced a conviction rate of almost _________.

answer

100%

question

Beccaria set the standard for most modern systems of justice in guaranteeing rights to defendants when he reformed certain practices by doing away with _________.

answer

secret accusations

question

All the Enlightenment philosophers had one common belief: punishment.

answer

False

question

What book, written by Thomas Hobbes, proposed one of the first rational theories as to why people committed crime?

answer

Leviathan

question

Specific deterrence is more important than general deterrence.

answer

False

question

Unit 3

answer

Unit 3

question

Identification of the experiential effect was the primary contribution of __________ studies of deterrence.

answer

longitudinal studies

question

The ________ of being caught committing a crime (related to informal sanctions) is one of the most important emotional responses related to deterrence.

answer

shame

question

Informal sanctions and controls matter the most to the majority of society, as compared with other sanctions.

answer

True

question

Robert Martinson's review of ________________ concluded that nothing works because offending was not reduced.

answer

Rehabilitative programs

question

One of the most valuable aspects of scenario research is that answers are __________, regarding perceptions of risk and severity of possible sanctions.

answer

Instantaneous

question

Among the individuals that are the most likely to be victimized due to their lifestyle of staying out late and socializing are young adults (teenage years to early 20's).

answer

False

question

The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time by Jack Katz.

answer

True

question

Deterrence research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward ________ level

answer

individual

question

According to the Minneapolis, Minnesota, study, of the top 10 locations police were called, half were _________.

answer

bars or places alcohol was served

question

People that fear punishment cannot be effectively deterred.

answer

False

question

Cross-sectional studies have found that the ___________ of punishment was strongly associated with intentions to commit future crimes.

answer

Certainty

question

Individuals with nothing to lose are generally the individuals that will be deterred by increased sanctions and certainty of punishment.

answer

false

question

One study from California suggests that three strikes laws reduced crime. The remaining studies on the three strikes laws across the United States have found the same results.

answer

False

question

Lifestyle theory is merely an extension of ________, offering no new revelations for why some individuals are victimized more than others.

answer

Routine Activities theory

question

Global positioning systems (GPS) used by police departments have been used to catch serial killers in the past.

answer

True

question

The strength of routine activities theory is its elaboration on which two characteristics of routine activities theory?

answer

lack of guardianship

question

The book ___________ written by Jack Katz was the first time the benefits of committing crime were emphasizedd.

answer

seductions of crime

question

Virtually all Western criminal systems (including the United States) are based on the Classical and Neoclassical framework.

answer

True

question

According to studies, most people that have never driven drunk have an unrealistically high likelihood of arrest.

answer

true

question

Which of the following individuals would not be deterred from committing crime even with high celerity, certainty, and severity of punishment?

answer

unemployment

question

Are three strikes laws considered a general or specific deterrent?

answer

neither general nor specific no consensus

question

Studies show that official deterrence is highly ineffective against criminal acts that involve all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

Older female offenders

question

Findings show that states with death penalty statutes have lower murder rates as compared with states that do not have death penalty statutes.

answer

False

question

Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used by authorities to predict all of the following EXCEPT ____________.

answer

Areas with low fear of crime

question

Studies showing informal sanctions to be the source of most deterrent effects for individuals led to the creation of which theory?

answer

rational choice theory

question

Aggregate studies have shown evidence that an increased certainty of punishment was associated with ________ crime for most serious offenses.

answer

less

question

Males are more influenced by shame and moral beliefs when deciding to commit offenses as compared with females

answer

False

question

Routine activities theory assumes that most crime occurs because most offenders leave their homes knowing they are going to commit a crime.

answer

false

question

The __________ assumes that offenders will make a rational choice not to commit future offenses if they could go to prison for the rest of their life after committing three offenses.

answer

three strikes you're out policy

question

All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT:

answer

community acceptance

question

Unit 4

answer

Unit 4

question

Stigmata are the way in which societies identify born criminals.

answer

True

question

The lowest group on the ranked order of low IQ individuals according to Goddard was the _________.

answer

idiots

question

Women are better at distinguishing the feeble-minded; therefore Goddard used women in his research at Ellis Island.

answer

True

question

Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.

answer

True

question

What do minor physical anomalies indicate?

answer

developmental problems

question

Darwin's theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime?

answer

born criminals

question

The manifestation of more than ____ stigmata indicated that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal.

answer

5

question

William Sheldon's new theoretical perspective merged what two (2) concepts? Choose all that apply.

answer

psychology

question

According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.

answer

False

question

Several perspectives were created in the mid 1800s that were focused on determining which individuals or groups are most likely to commit crime. These perspectives were likely developed in relation to __________.

answer

slavery

question

Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.

answer

True

question

Lombroso's model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more accepted by _________ than they are by ____________.

answer

modern medical science; criminologists

question

Lombroso developed his unchanging list of stigmata through his work as a physician.

answer

False

question

The middle layer of tissue that includes the muscles, bones, ligaments, and tendons is called ____________.

answer

mesoderm

question

According to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the _______.

answer

morons

question

Which researcher developed the measurement we know today as IQ?

answer

Binet

question

The science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps) in the skull.

answer

phrenology

question

____________ is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to indicate developmental problems, such as criminality.

answer

physiognomy

question

According to the text, there is no difference between how a chemist feels about the behavior of particles and elements and how a positivistic scientist feels about human behavior.

answer

False

question

What individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness?

answer

Goddard

question

Lombroso was awarded the title of the Father of Criminology out of respect for his theory.

answer

False

question

Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ____________.

answer

left temporal lobe

question

Originally, scientists would measure the volume of the brain in subjects that had died long before examination by pouring buckshot or ball bearings in the skull. Finding this method to be invalid, they switched to seeds for measurement.

answer

False

question

Stigmata not only consisted of facial and bodily features, but also some extra physiological features, including what?

answer

tattoos

question

Lombroso is considered the Father of _________. Choose all that apply.

answer

the Positive School

question

____________ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior.

answer

Positive School

question

Later studies of craniometry revealed _________ between size of the skull/brain and certain behaviors or personality traits.

answer

a small correlation

question

The emphasis on science in criminology started in the _________ and provided a basis for what continues today.

answer

mid 1800's

question

According to Herrnstein and Murray, which ethnic group(s) scores the highest on IQ or intelligence testing? Choose all that apply.

answer

Jews

question

All of the following are considered minor physical anomalies (MPA's) EXCEPT:

answer

attached earlobes

question

Scientists and academics became aware that the Classical School and deterrence framework was not explaining what?

answer

the distribution of crime

question

According to modern science and the creator of the measure, IQ cannot be changed. Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.

answer

True

question

When Goddard determined his IQ measurement was flawed, he lowered the criteria for mental age from twelve (12) to ______.

answer

8

question

Unit 5

answer

Unit 5

question

All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone EXCEPT:

answer

Increased sensitivity to pain

question

Investigations into Goddard's research found that he altered many photographs to make the family members appear more evil and fit into the definition of stigmata.

answer

true

question

__________ studied the Kallikak family to determine the link between heredity and criminality.

answer

H.H. Goddard

question

Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ____ of the variance in antisocial behavior.

answer

50%

question

Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but slow in terms of social and intelligence skills

answer

XYY

question

Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective placement, the ultimate findings of these studies are still _________.

answer

Somewhat valid

question

Recent studies have found a consistent, strong connection between criminal behavior and exposure to high levels of lead.

answer

true

question

The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found the mutation XY was far more common in the Scottish male population of mental patients than in the general population.

answer

False

question

Otherwise known as Klinefelter's syndrome, the XYY mutation results in higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality.

answer

false

question

Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

answer

twin studies

question

The findings of most adoption studies support the idea that both biological and environmental factors contribute to the future criminality of youth.

answer

true

question

The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every _______ males.

answer

1,000

question

Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations though enhancing the levels of _________ in an individual's system.

answer

dopamine

question

High levels of testosterone and other androgens tend to masculinize the brain away from risk-taking behavior.

answer

flase

question

Many of the identical twin pairs studied in the 'separated at birth' research knew they had a twin they were not living with.

answer

flase

question

The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning criminality and heredity.

answer

false

question

Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom __________ were the least likely to become criminal.

answer

neither set of parents were criminal

question

The more the chromosomal mutation produce _______ hormones, the less likely individuals are to commit criminal acts.

answer

feminine

question

Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due to ___________.

answer

random mutations

question

A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.

answer

true

question

Studies of crime that focuses on the genetic makeup of individuals.

answer

cytogenetic studies

question

____________ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture.

answer

sarnoff mednick

question

The environments in which the 'twins separated at birth' individuals were raised in were often __________.

answer

extremely different

question

The subjects of adoption studies were typically given up for adoption prior to what age?

answer

6 months

question

The autonomic nervous system largely consists of the brain and spinal column and is responsible for our voluntary motor activities.

answer

false

question

The findings of 'twins separated at birth' studies have shown that ______ have/has a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal behavior.

answer

genetics

question

Taking into consideration all of the findings presented from the four different types of studies concerning the nature versus nurture debate, it is clear that biological factors tend to have the most influence on the criminalityof individuals

answer

true

question

Unit 6

answer

Unit 6

question

Who is credited with bringing intelligence testing to the United States?

answer

Goddard

question

All of the following are considered levels of low IQ by Goddard EXCEPT:

answer

fool

question

The only conscious domain of the psyche is the superego.

answer

false

question

All of the following are considered factors that explain street crime through human nature and evolution EXCEPT:

answer

changes in conceptual analysis

question

In early childhood, girls often gravitate toward the morality of justice while boys gravitate toward the morality of care.

answer

false

question

The _______ is a standard for the insanity defense where offenders can claim that, due to mental disease, they were unable to control their behavior.

answer

irresistible impulse

question

_______ refers specifically to antisocial personalities that are due to social or familial dysfunction.

answer

sociopath

question

While learning does have some influence on a person's attachments, the key component is the biological function of survival.

answer

false

question

_____ is considered a warning of looming danger or a painful experience.

answer

anxiety

question

When discussing the threat or menace myth, eugenicists were describing individuals who were considered harmless and often institutionalized.

answer

false

question

People with low IQ scores are somewhat destined to be all of the following EXCEPT:

answer

employed

question

Attachment theory was influenced heavily by the work of Freud and other psychoanalytic theorists.

answer

true

question

Destructive drives give individuals pleasure.

answer

false

question

Wilson and Herrnstein named their theory operant-utilitarian theory of criminality because they often used concepts associated with operant psychology.

answer

false

question

The book ________ resulted in a public outcry concerning the link between intelligence and criminality.

answer

The bell curve

question

Stage ____ of the stages of reasoning consists of right being based on a higher order of applying principles to all humankind (being nonjudgmental and respecting all human life).

answer

6

question

The term insanity is a ______ term.

answer

legal

question

__________ attachments are enduring and persistent. These attachments can sometimes last throughout a person's life.

answer

duration

question

________ is considered the most controversial aspect of Wilson and Herrnstein's theoretical perspective

answer

biological make up

question

Originally, Eysneck focused on the two personality dimensions of neuroticism and extroversion.

answer

true

Unit 1 Criminology – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards