Home Page Social Science Psychology Developmental Psychology Distorted Body Image chapter 11 dev psych physical and cognitive development in adolescence - Flashcards

chapter 11 dev psych physical and cognitive development in adolescence – Flashcards

Kenneth Miller

7 July 2022

question

body image

answer

conception of and attitude toward their physical appearance

question

late

answer

the female image in magazines is a girlish shape that favors the --- developer

question

early

answer

the male image fits the - maturing boy in magazines

question

early maturing, white girls

answer

------- -------- tend to report a less positive body image than their on-time and late maturing agemates.

question

caucasian

answer

compared with african american and hispanic girls ---- girls are more likely to have internalized the cultural ideal of female attractiveness. most want to be thinner.

question

early maturers

answer

with boys, although less consistent than girls ------- and rapid ------ are more likely to be satisfied with their physical characteristics.

question

self esteem

answer

body image is a strong predictor of young peoples ------------.

question

stressors

answer

the negative effects of pubertal timing on body image and emotional adjustment are amplified when accompanied by other --------.

question

spermarche

answer

first ejaculation for a boy. while the penis is growing the prostate gland and seminal vesicles enlarge and around 13 and 1/2 ------- occurs.

question

menarche

answer

first menstruation, typically occurs around age 12 1/2 for north american girls, 13 western europeans. ranges 10 1/2 to 15 and 1/2 years old.

question

breast, pubic

answer

following menarche, ------- and ------ growth are completed and underarm hair appears.

question

height spurt

answer

nature delays sexual maturity until the girls body is large enough for childbearing. menarche takes place after the peak of the -------.

question

emotional health, physical health

answer

threats to ------ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to ------- health delay it.

question

secular trend

answer

a ----------- or generational change in pubertal timing lends added support to the role of physical well-being in pubertal development.

question

industrialized

answer

in ------ nations, age of menarche declined steadily, by about 3-4 months per decade due to nutrition, health care, sanitation, control of infectious disease improved greatly.

question

overweight, obesity

answer

in the US soaring rates of ------ and ---- are responsible for a continuing trend toward earlier menarche.

question

self regulation

answer

adding to these ------ difficulties of being a teenager, are changes in the brains emotional/social network.

question

excitatory neurotransmitters

answer

in humans, neurons become more responsive to --------------- during puberty.

question

stressful, intensely

answer

because in humans at this age, neurons become mroe responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters during puberty, as a result, adolescents react more strongly to ------ events, and experience pleasurable stimuli more -----------.

question

cognitive control network

answer

during puberty, theres an issue because the ------- is not yet functioning optimally, so teens have issues handling their intense feelings.

question

novel experiences

answer

the imbalance between excitatory neurotransmitters causing teens to react more strongly to stressful events and experience pleasurable stimuli more intensely and the cognitive control network not being fully formed, this contributes to teens drive for ---------- like drug taking, reckless driving, unprotected sex, delinquent activities

question

emotional/social

answer

changes in the adolescent brains -------------- network outpace development of the cognitive control network.

question

emotions, reward seeking

answer

over time, teens are able to effectively manage their -------- and -------- behavior.

question

anorexia nervosa

answer

is a tragic eagting disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

question

25-50 percent

answer

people with anorexia lose between ---------- percent of their body weight in attempt to reach perfect slimness

question

15 percent

answer

to have a normal menstrual cycle tyou must have a body fat percentage of ------

question

true

answer

t or f? less than 50 percent of young people with anorexia recover fully.

question

increase

answer

there has been a recent ------- in contraceptive use amongst teens.

question

20%

answer

although there has been a recent increase in contraceptive use amongst teens, -------- are still sexually active and dont use contraceptives consistently.

question

lower

answer

contraceptive use is much -------- in US than other countries

question

access, abstinence only, decisions, cost, embarassment, religion, context, health care, parents

answer

why is contraceptive use much lower in the US than in other countries? well, first its hard to get and more ----- in other countries. also, ------- education exists. additionally, age plays a factor in decisions on contraceptive use because the brain is forming, also, -------, it can be expensive. additionally, there is ----------- in a small town especially. additionally, there are reasons related to ---------. lastly, -------- plays a role. ---------, and not wanting to approach your ------ about it.

question

40%

answer

----------- of teen pregnancies end in abortion.

question

less likely

answer

teens today are -------- to marry than in the past before childbirth.

question

true

answer

today, true or false, few girls give up their babies for adoption.

question

younger, wedlock

answer

lower SES teens are ------- when they have kids, and more than 1 are out of ----------.

question

abortion

answer

higher SES teens are more likely to get --------- rather than chose to keep the baby.

question

educational achievement

answer

teen moms have many risks one is that there is less ----------------------, and therefore theyre more likely to drop out of high school.

question

single parents

answer

teen moms spend more time as -----------, theyre less likely to marry.

question

economic problems

answer

teen moms have many --------------because childcare is expensive, no degree, jobs pay little

question

parenting skills

answer

teen moms have a lack of ------------ theyre less responsive.

question

prenatal care

answer

teen moms have pregnancy and birth complications due to not enough --------------. mom is stressed, not taking good care of herself while shes pregnant.

question

10th grade

answer

by --------- 33 percent of US young people have tried cigarette smoking, 58 percent drinking, and 37 percent at least one illegal drug. at the end of high school, 11 percent smoke cigarettes regularly, and 27 percent have engaged in heavy drinking during the past month. about 25 percent have tried at least one highly addictive and toxic substance, such as amphetamines, cocaine, phencyclidine, ecstasy, inhalants, heroin, sedatives, or oxycontin.

question

decline

answer

substance use and abuse has seen a substantial ----- since the mid 1990s, resulting from a greater parent, school, and media focus on the hazards of drug use.

question

marijuana, inhalants, sedatives, oxycontin

answer

the use of ------------, ----------., ------ and -------- has risen slightly in recent years.

question

lsd, pcp, ecstasy

answer

drugs like -------, ------ and ------- have made a comeback as adolescents knowledge of their risks faded.

question

sensation

answer

drug taking in teens reflects the ------- seeking of the teenage years.

question

cultural

answer

teens live in drug dependent ------- contexts

question

true

answer

t or f? compared to a decade or two ago, today doctors more often prescribe and parents frequently seek medication to treat childrens problems

question

self-medicate

answer

teens often ----------- when stressed using substances

question

true

answer

t or f? most teens who dabble in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are not headed for a life of addiction

question

minimal experimenters

answer

teens who dabble in alochol, tobacco, and marijuana are not headed for a life of addiction theyre alled ---------, theyre usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people.

question

poverty

answer

---- is linked to family and peer contexts that promote illegal drug use.

question

african americas

answer

use of diverse drugs is lower among ---------- than among hispanic and caucasian americans

question

native american

answer

------- youths rank highest in drug taking.

question

abuse

answer

a worrisome minority of teenagers move from substance use to --------, taking drugs regularly, requiring increasing amounts to achieve the same effect, moving on to harder substanes and using enough to interfere with their ability to meet daily responsibilities.

question

judgment, volatility

answer

the brain of the teen is still a work in progress, its still developing. this may help explain lack of sound ------, and emotional -----------.

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

the -------- is still developing til the mid 20s. in the teen which is important in decision making, controlled attention, organization, impulse inhibition

question

pruning

answer

in the teen brain the ------ continues in the frontal lobes. the cognitive advances are attention, planning, integrating information and self regulation on two types.

question

growth, myelination

answer

in the teen brain ------- and ----- speed up and strengthens connections among regions allowing attention, planning, integrating info, self-regulation of two types.

question

excitatory messages

answer

in the teen brain, the neurotransmitter response changes and its more sensitive to ----------------- which intensifies reactions to stress, pleasure, novelty.

question

answer

according to piaget the formal operational stage begins at age -------.

question

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

in piagets formal operational stage there is ------------------ which is deducing hypotheses from a general theory, isolating variables in problems.

question

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

the penduulum problem tests -----------------.

question

propositional thought

answer

evalutating the logic of verbal propositions...its an if....then. ex- all dogs are poodles, 101 dalmatians are dogs, therefore 101 dalmatians are poodles. teens evaluate given the propisition to see validity.

question

abstractly

answer

teen think -----------

question

pendulum problem

answer

piagets formal operational stage in which the teen must think what is gonna effect how quickly this pendulum swings, objects of diff weight, string size, height with which you swing it. what efects how fast it swings? string length.

question

pendulum problem

answer

Piaget's classic test to formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side.

question

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

when faced with a problem, they start with a hypothesis, or prediction about variables that might affect an outcome, from which they deduce logical testable inferences. then they systematically isolate and combine variable to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world.

question

formal operational stage

answer

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

question

propositional thought

answer

adolescents ability to evaluate the logic of propositions without referring to real world circumstances 101 dalmatians example

question

imaginary audience

answer

a consequence of abstract thought, in which there is self-consciousness and self-focusing. this is a consequence in which everyones looking at you, youre the focus, everyone sees the zie on my nose.

question

criticism

answer

teens are sensitive to -------- certain comments are devastating.

question

personal fable

answer

teens have this as a consequence of abstract thought, and this is the belief theyre special, nobodys ever felt or experienced what they feel this contributes to risky behavior. ie pregnancy with teens.

question

idealism, criticism

answer

teens because of abstract thought have ----- and ------ which is they think of this is how the world should and could work which makes them critical of adults around them.

question

inexperience

answer

with teens, there are not a lot of practice in making decisions so they dont always make good ones. this is from ------------.

question

overwhelming

answer

--------- options for teens in terms of life choices ie what you wanna be, study, the limitless options are overwhelming.

question

authoritative parenting

answer

in childhood, -------- is linked to higher grades among adolescents varying widely in SES, just as it predicts mastery oriented behavior in childhood.

question

authoritarian, permissive

answer

----- and ------ styles are associated with lower grades

question

uninvolved

answer

------- parenting predicts the poorest grades and worsening school performance over time.

question

decision, autonomy

answer

teens whose parents engage in joint ------- making, gradually permitting more ----- with age, achieve especially well.

question

reflective, self regulation

answer

warmth, open discussion, firmness, and monitoring of the adolescents whereabouts and activities make young people feel cared about and valued, encourage --------- thinking and -------------- and increase awarenness of the importance of doing well in school.

question

behavior

answer

although many dropouts achieve poorly and show high rates of norm violating acts, a substantial number have few ---------problems, experience academic difficulties and quietly disengage from schiool.

question

early

answer

the pathway to dropping out starts -------

question

first grade

answer

risk factors for dropping out in ------ predict dropout nearly as well as risk factors in secondary school.

question

low academic self-esteem

answer

------- is a huge factor in dropping out

question

family background

answer

-------------- contributes to dropping out. compared with other students with the same grade profile, dropouts are more likely to have parents who are uninvoled in their teens education and engage in little monitoring of their teens daily activities

question

single, high school, unemployed

answer

teen dropouts typically have ----- parents, who never finished ------- themselves and are ----------

question

grade retention, secondary schools, unsupportive teachers, active participation

answer

students who drop out oten have school experiences that undermine their chances for success: -----------, which marks them as academic failures; large, impersonal -----------, and classes with --------- teachers and few opportunities for --------------.

question

general education, vocational tracks

answer

students in ------------ and ----------- are three times as likely to drop out as those in a college preparatoryu track.

question

school age

answer

follow up research on formal operational thought reveals that --------- kids start developing abstract thinking skills.

question

answer

school age kids can start developing abstract thinking skills. they can understand simple hypotheses with ------- or less variables.

question

not

answer

formal operational thinking is --------- universal even well educated adults will fall back on easier thinking, training and context contribute and we often fall back on easier thinking.

question

development

answer

adolescence is another phase of -------

question

puberty

answer

transition into ------- is the same as transition into baby with regard to brain development.

question

overproduction

answer

in the frontal cortex was the ------------- of cells just before puberty, this happens in womb too. this is second wave of production, thickening in thinking part.

question

gray matter

answer

in teen brain teh -------- grows

question

pruning

answer

--------- of unused pathways gives brain shape or future

question

practice

answer

what you ----- consolidates parts of brain and not others

question

prefrontal

answer

in charge of cognitivie flexibility, planning, this ceo still being built in teen years for strategies, inhibition, thats why teens feel invulnerable and risk taking behavior ensues.

question

vulnerable

answer

when the brain is most ---------- kids are more likely to experiment with drugs and alcohol

question

2 years

answer

in teen brain development there are dramatic changes in mood due in part to changes in hormones after ------ it levels off.

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

regulating mood changes resides in ------

question

read emotions

answer

teens are not able to correctly ------------- in the adult face they see anger or sadness when not present some misscomm in what they think adult is feeling and bc teens use diff parts of the brain to read emotions.

question

gut response

answer

in teens the ------ region has more activity than in adults

question

cerebellum

answer

changes most during teen years not done till early 20s coordination of muscles, thinking process

question

circadian clock

answer

helps prop you up at the end of the day

question

rem sleep

answer

longer sleep in this, more improed on tasks. good sleep-more advantageous.;

question

people

answer

the ----- in teens lives make the biggest difference

1 of

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question

body image

answer

conception of and attitude toward their physical appearance

question

late

answer

the female image in magazines is a girlish shape that favors the --- developer

question

early

answer

the male image fits the - maturing boy in magazines

question

early maturing, white girls

answer

------- -------- tend to report a less positive body image than their on-time and late maturing agemates.

question

caucasian

answer

compared with african american and hispanic girls ---- girls are more likely to have internalized the cultural ideal of female attractiveness. most want to be thinner.

question

early maturers

answer

with boys, although less consistent than girls ------- and rapid ------ are more likely to be satisfied with their physical characteristics.

question

self esteem

answer

body image is a strong predictor of young peoples ------------.

question

stressors

answer

the negative effects of pubertal timing on body image and emotional adjustment are amplified when accompanied by other --------.

question

spermarche

answer

first ejaculation for a boy. while the penis is growing the prostate gland and seminal vesicles enlarge and around 13 and 1/2 ------- occurs.

question

menarche

answer

first menstruation, typically occurs around age 12 1/2 for north american girls, 13 western europeans. ranges 10 1/2 to 15 and 1/2 years old.

question

breast, pubic

answer

following menarche, ------- and ------ growth are completed and underarm hair appears.

question

height spurt

answer

nature delays sexual maturity until the girls body is large enough for childbearing. menarche takes place after the peak of the -------.

question

emotional health, physical health

answer

threats to ------ health accelerate puberty, whereas threats to ------- health delay it.

question

secular trend

answer

a ----------- or generational change in pubertal timing lends added support to the role of physical well-being in pubertal development.

question

industrialized

answer

in ------ nations, age of menarche declined steadily, by about 3-4 months per decade due to nutrition, health care, sanitation, control of infectious disease improved greatly.

question

overweight, obesity

answer

in the US soaring rates of ------ and ---- are responsible for a continuing trend toward earlier menarche.

question

self regulation

answer

adding to these ------ difficulties of being a teenager, are changes in the brains emotional/social network.

question

excitatory neurotransmitters

answer

in humans, neurons become more responsive to --------------- during puberty.

question

stressful, intensely

answer

question

cognitive control network

answer

during puberty, theres an issue because the ------- is not yet functioning optimally, so teens have issues handling their intense feelings.

question

novel experiences

answer

question

emotional/social

answer

changes in the adolescent brains -------------- network outpace development of the cognitive control network.

question

emotions, reward seeking

answer

over time, teens are able to effectively manage their -------- and -------- behavior.

question

anorexia nervosa

answer

is a tragic eagting disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat.

question

25-50 percent

answer

people with anorexia lose between ---------- percent of their body weight in attempt to reach perfect slimness

question

15 percent

answer

to have a normal menstrual cycle tyou must have a body fat percentage of ------

question

true

answer

t or f? less than 50 percent of young people with anorexia recover fully.

question

increase

answer

there has been a recent ------- in contraceptive use amongst teens.

question

20%

answer

although there has been a recent increase in contraceptive use amongst teens, -------- are still sexually active and dont use contraceptives consistently.

question

lower

answer

contraceptive use is much -------- in US than other countries

question

access, abstinence only, decisions, cost, embarassment, religion, context, health care, parents

answer

question

40%

answer

----------- of teen pregnancies end in abortion.

question

less likely

answer

teens today are -------- to marry than in the past before childbirth.

question

true

answer

today, true or false, few girls give up their babies for adoption.

question

younger, wedlock

answer

lower SES teens are ------- when they have kids, and more than 1 are out of ----------.

question

abortion

answer

higher SES teens are more likely to get --------- rather than chose to keep the baby.

question

educational achievement

answer

teen moms have many risks one is that there is less ----------------------, and therefore theyre more likely to drop out of high school.

question

single parents

answer

teen moms spend more time as -----------, theyre less likely to marry.

question

economic problems

answer

teen moms have many --------------because childcare is expensive, no degree, jobs pay little

question

parenting skills

answer

teen moms have a lack of ------------ theyre less responsive.

question

prenatal care

answer

teen moms have pregnancy and birth complications due to not enough --------------. mom is stressed, not taking good care of herself while shes pregnant.

question

10th grade

answer

question

decline

answer

substance use and abuse has seen a substantial ----- since the mid 1990s, resulting from a greater parent, school, and media focus on the hazards of drug use.

question

marijuana, inhalants, sedatives, oxycontin

answer

the use of ------------, ----------., ------ and -------- has risen slightly in recent years.

question

lsd, pcp, ecstasy

answer

drugs like -------, ------ and ------- have made a comeback as adolescents knowledge of their risks faded.

question

sensation

answer

drug taking in teens reflects the ------- seeking of the teenage years.

question

cultural

answer

teens live in drug dependent ------- contexts

question

true

answer

t or f? compared to a decade or two ago, today doctors more often prescribe and parents frequently seek medication to treat childrens problems

question

self-medicate

answer

teens often ----------- when stressed using substances

question

true

answer

t or f? most teens who dabble in alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are not headed for a life of addiction

question

minimal experimenters

answer

teens who dabble in alochol, tobacco, and marijuana are not headed for a life of addiction theyre alled ---------, theyre usually psychologically healthy, sociable, curious young people.

question

poverty

answer

---- is linked to family and peer contexts that promote illegal drug use.

question

african americas

answer

use of diverse drugs is lower among ---------- than among hispanic and caucasian americans

question

native american

answer

------- youths rank highest in drug taking.

question

abuse

answer

question

judgment, volatility

answer

the brain of the teen is still a work in progress, its still developing. this may help explain lack of sound ------, and emotional -----------.

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

the -------- is still developing til the mid 20s. in the teen which is important in decision making, controlled attention, organization, impulse inhibition

question

pruning

answer

in the teen brain the ------ continues in the frontal lobes. the cognitive advances are attention, planning, integrating information and self regulation on two types.

question

growth, myelination

answer

in the teen brain ------- and ----- speed up and strengthens connections among regions allowing attention, planning, integrating info, self-regulation of two types.

question

excitatory messages

answer

in the teen brain, the neurotransmitter response changes and its more sensitive to ----------------- which intensifies reactions to stress, pleasure, novelty.

question

answer

according to piaget the formal operational stage begins at age -------.

question

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

in piagets formal operational stage there is ------------------ which is deducing hypotheses from a general theory, isolating variables in problems.

question

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

the penduulum problem tests -----------------.

question

propositional thought

answer

question

abstractly

answer

teen think -----------

question

pendulum problem

answer

question

pendulum problem

answer

Piaget's classic test to formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side.

question

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

answer

question

formal operational stage

answer

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

question

propositional thought

answer

adolescents ability to evaluate the logic of propositions without referring to real world circumstances 101 dalmatians example

question

imaginary audience

answer

a consequence of abstract thought, in which there is self-consciousness and self-focusing. this is a consequence in which everyones looking at you, youre the focus, everyone sees the zie on my nose.

question

criticism

answer

teens are sensitive to -------- certain comments are devastating.

question

personal fable

answer

question

idealism, criticism

answer

teens because of abstract thought have ----- and ------ which is they think of this is how the world should and could work which makes them critical of adults around them.

question

inexperience

answer

with teens, there are not a lot of practice in making decisions so they dont always make good ones. this is from ------------.

question

overwhelming

answer

--------- options for teens in terms of life choices ie what you wanna be, study, the limitless options are overwhelming.

question

authoritative parenting

answer

in childhood, -------- is linked to higher grades among adolescents varying widely in SES, just as it predicts mastery oriented behavior in childhood.

question

authoritarian, permissive

answer

----- and ------ styles are associated with lower grades

question

uninvolved

answer

------- parenting predicts the poorest grades and worsening school performance over time.

question

decision, autonomy

answer

teens whose parents engage in joint ------- making, gradually permitting more ----- with age, achieve especially well.

question

reflective, self regulation

answer

question

behavior

answer

although many dropouts achieve poorly and show high rates of norm violating acts, a substantial number have few ---------problems, experience academic difficulties and quietly disengage from schiool.

question

early

answer

the pathway to dropping out starts -------

question

first grade

answer

risk factors for dropping out in ------ predict dropout nearly as well as risk factors in secondary school.

question

low academic self-esteem

answer

------- is a huge factor in dropping out

question

family background

answer

question

single, high school, unemployed

answer

teen dropouts typically have ----- parents, who never finished ------- themselves and are ----------

question

grade retention, secondary schools, unsupportive teachers, active participation

answer

question

general education, vocational tracks

answer

students in ------------ and ----------- are three times as likely to drop out as those in a college preparatoryu track.

question

school age

answer

follow up research on formal operational thought reveals that --------- kids start developing abstract thinking skills.

question

answer

school age kids can start developing abstract thinking skills. they can understand simple hypotheses with ------- or less variables.

question

not

answer

formal operational thinking is --------- universal even well educated adults will fall back on easier thinking, training and context contribute and we often fall back on easier thinking.

question

development

answer

adolescence is another phase of -------

question

puberty

answer

transition into ------- is the same as transition into baby with regard to brain development.

question

overproduction

answer

in the frontal cortex was the ------------- of cells just before puberty, this happens in womb too. this is second wave of production, thickening in thinking part.

question

gray matter

answer

in teen brain teh -------- grows

question

pruning

answer

--------- of unused pathways gives brain shape or future

question

practice

answer

what you ----- consolidates parts of brain and not others

question

prefrontal

answer

in charge of cognitivie flexibility, planning, this ceo still being built in teen years for strategies, inhibition, thats why teens feel invulnerable and risk taking behavior ensues.

question

vulnerable

answer

when the brain is most ---------- kids are more likely to experiment with drugs and alcohol

question

2 years

answer

in teen brain development there are dramatic changes in mood due in part to changes in hormones after ------ it levels off.

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

regulating mood changes resides in ------

question

read emotions

answer

question

gut response

answer

in teens the ------ region has more activity than in adults

question

cerebellum

answer

changes most during teen years not done till early 20s coordination of muscles, thinking process

question

circadian clock

answer

helps prop you up at the end of the day

question

rem sleep

answer

longer sleep in this, more improed on tasks. good sleep-more advantageous.;

question

people

answer

the ----- in teens lives make the biggest difference

chapter 11 dev psych physical and cognitive development in adolescence – Flashcards

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