Chapter 8 HDFS – Flashcards
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According to Erikson, the crisis of middle childhood is _______ _________ _____.
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industry versus inferiority
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Freud describes middle childhood as the period of _______, when emotional drives are _________ and unconscious sexual conflicts are ________.
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latency/quiet; submerged
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As their self understanding sharpens, children gradually become ________(more/less) self-critical, and their self-esteem __________ (rises/dips). One reason is that they are more often eveluate themselves through ___________ ________.
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more; dips; social comparison
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Self-esteem that is unrealistically high may reduce the child's ________ _________, thus lowering _________ and increasing _______. However,the same may occur if _____is unrealisitcally low. Self-esteem ____________ (is/is not ) universally valued; many cultures expect children to be _______________.
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effortful control; achievement; aggression self-esteem; is not ; modest
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Some children are better able to adapt within the contet of adversity; that is, they seem to be more ________. This trait is a ______process that respresents a ___________ adaptation to stress.
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resilient; dynamic; positive
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Difficulty daily ________- may build up stress in children.
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hassles
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A key aspect of resilience is the child's _______- of a family situation. When children feel responsible for whatever happens in their family, the problem called _____has occurred. Also, the child's ability to develop _________, ________,
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interpretation; parentificiation; friends; skills; activities
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Another elements that helps children deal with problems is the _______- _______ they receive.
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social support
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During middle childhood, there are typically ______- (fewer/more) sourcees of social support. This can be obtained from grandparents or siblings, for example, or from ________ and __________ , or from __________and ___________. In addition, ________- can be psychologically protective for children in difficult circumstances.
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more;peers;pets;religion
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Dr. Ferris believes that skill mastery is particularly important because children develop views of themselves as either competent or incompetent in skills valued by their culture.Dr. Ferris is eveidently working from the perspective of ___________.
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Erik Erikson's theory of development. The question describes what is, for Erikson, the crisis of middle childhood; industry versus inferiority.
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The Australilan saying that "tall puoppies" are cut down underscores the fat that ________________
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b
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12) Concluding her presentation on resilient children, Brenda notes that _______
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d
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Shen's parents have separated. Since then, his grades have dropped, he's moody, and he spend most of his time alone in his room. Research regarding the factors that contribute to problems such a Shen's found the strongest correlation between children's peace of mind and ___________.
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d More important that marital discord, income, or illness is the child's interpretation of the situation. If the hcild blames himself or erself for the problems, psychic and academic problems are more likely to occur.
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What age is likely to have the lowest overall self-esteem? 5,7,9,10
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d self-esteem decreases throughout middle childhood.
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Ten-year-old Benjamin is less optimistic and self-confident than his 5 yr old sister. This may be explained in part by the tendency of older children to _______________________________.
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b Soical comparison becomes important for these children as they evaluate their competencies.
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No human trait is entirely _____ or entirely _________.
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genetic; environmental
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Research demonstrates that __________ (shared/nonshared) influences on most traits are far greater than ____________ (shared/nonshared) However, recent research indicates that parents _______- (do/do not) have a significant influence over their children.
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nonshared; shared; do
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Family function refers to how well the family _____________ ______________.
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works to meet the needs of its memebers
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A functional family nurtures school-age children by providing basic material ______-, encouraging _________, fostering the development of ____________, nurturing peer _____________, and ensuring _________- and __________.
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necessitites; learning; self-respect; relationshipss; harmony; stability
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(ext and Table 13.2) Family structure is defined as the _____________ ______________.
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genetic and legal relationships among related people living in the same household.
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__________A family that includes 3 or more biologically related generations, including parents and children.
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extended family
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__________ A family that consists of the father, mother and their biological children.
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nuclear family
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__________A family that consists of one parent with his or her biological children.
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single-parent family
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__________ In some nations, a family that consists of one man, several wives, and their children.
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polygamous family
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__________ A family that consists of one or more nonbiological children whim adults have legally taken to raise as their own.
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adoptive family
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__________ A family that consists of a parent, his or her biological children, and his and her spouse, who is not bilogically related to their children.
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stepparent family
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___________A family that consists of one or two grandparents and their children.
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grandparents alone
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___________A family that consists of a same-sex couple and the biological or adopted children of one or both partners.
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two same-sex parents
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21. Although the ______________- family is still the most common, more than _____________(what percentage?) of all school-age children live in ______________ - _______________households.
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nuclear; one-fourth;single-parent
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Extended familes are more comon among _____________ - _____________ households. The benefits is that they can share ________________.
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low-income;expenses
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23) In polygamous families, income per child _____________(increases/decreases), as does ____________-, expecially for girls.
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decreases; education
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24) Research on male-male couples in scarce,but research on female-female families indicates that they _________________ ( seem/do not seem) to have negative effects on children). Give several resaons for the benefits of the nuclear family structure.
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does not seem Parents in a nuclear family tend to be wealtheir , better educated, and healthier than other parents. Shared parenting decreases the risk of maltreatment.
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25) Family structure and family function affect each other. In general, ____________families function best. Overall, ___________- - ________- families function less well because ______________- and _________--- tend to be reduced. Family structure and function are particularly affected by _____________- and ___________.
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nuclear; single-parent; income; stability; ethnicity;nationality
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26) Family income ___________________- (correlates/does not correlate) with both structure and function. Economic distress ______________-- family functioning. According to the __________- _______________model, economic hardship in a family increases _____________________. In high-income familes, children may have problems because of parental pressure to ______________.
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correlates; decreases; family-stress; stress; excel
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27)Another factor that has a crucial impact on children is the ________________ that characterizes family interaction. Children are particularly harmed when adults fight about ______________ _____________.
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conflict; child rearing
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28) Kyle and Jessica are as different as two siblings can be, despite growing up in the same nuclear family structure. In explaining these differences, a developmentalist is likely to point to ____________________________
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d) genetic differences and nonshared environmental influences. Even within the same family, siblings experience nonshared environments.
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29) Getting along with ____________is especially important during meddle childhood. Compared with younger children, school-age children are ________________(more/less) deeply affected by other's acceptance or rejection.
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peers; more
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30) Peers create their own ______ _________ _______, which includes the particular rules and rituals that are passed down from slightly older to younger chyildren and that ____________(mirror/do not necessarily mirror) the values of adults.
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culture of children; do not necessarily mirror
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31) _____________ (in some parts of the world/Throughout the world,) the culture of children encourages ____- from adults.
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throughout the world; indepence
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32) The culture of hcilren includes not only fashions and gestures but also ________________- and __________.
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values; rituals
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33) Having a personal friend is _________(more/less) important to children than acceptance by the peer group.
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more
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34) Friendships during middle childhood become more _______-and ___________. As a result, older children __________________ (change/do not change) friends as often and find it _________________ (easier/harder) to make new friends.
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intense; intimate; do not chage; harder
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35)Gender differences persist in activities; Girls _____________more, whereas boys _____________________.
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converse; play more active games
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36)middle schoolers tend to choose best friends whose _________, _____________, and _____________-are similar to their own.
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interests; values; backgrounds
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37)Two factors that affect what makes a child well liked or not are _______- and _____________.
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culture; cohort
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.38) chldren who are not really rejected but not picted as friends are ______________. Children who are actively rejected tend to be either ___________ _ ________________ or ___________- ______________. Briefly explain why rejected children are disliked.
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neglected; aggressivie-rejected; withdrawn-rejected Aggressive-rejected children are dislike because of their antagonistic and confrontational behavior, while withdrawn-rejected children are timid, withdrawn, and anxious. Both types often misinterpret social situations, lack emotional regulation, and are likely to be misteated at home.
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39) The ability to understand human interactions, called _______ ____, begins in infancy with _________ _______, continues in early childhood with __________________ _______________ _______-, and advances in middle childhood. As they improve in this area, school children also improve in _________ ____________-. Describe how well-liked children demonstrate their newfound ability to correctly interpret social situations.
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social cognition; social referencing; theory of mind; effortful control Given direct conflict with another child, well-liked children seek compromise in order to maintain the friendship. They assume that social slights are accidental and , in contrast with rejected children, do not respond with fear,self-doubt, or anger. These prosocial impulses and attitudes are a sign of social maturity.
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40) Bullying is defined as _________ efforts to influct harm on a weaker person. A key aspect in the definition of bullying is that harmful attacks are _________. The 3 types of bullying are _______, _________- and ___________. A particularly devastating form of bullying uses electronic means to harm another, and so is called ______________.
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systemic; repeated; physical; verbal; relational;cyberbullying
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41) Most bullies usually ____________ (have/do not have) friends who admire them,and they are socially __________- but without ___________.
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have; perceptive; empathy
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42) Victims of bullying are often _________- - rejected children. Less often, _________________ - rejected children become _______ - ________-.
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withdrawn; aggressive; buly-victims
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43) Boys who are bullies are often above average in ____________, whereas girls bullies are often __________ - ________________. boys who are bullies typically use _____________aggression, whereas girls use ____________aggression.
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size; sharp-tongued; phyusical; verbal
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44) The origins of bullying may lie in a _____________ _____________ or a ______________ predisposition and are then strengthened by ___________ ____________ < _______________, hostile _______________, and other problems that intensify ______________ impulses. ___________-are also influential: children in groups that approve of ________bullying may be influencesd more by group members than by their own beliefs.
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brain abnormality; genetic; insecure attachments; home; discipline; siblings; aggressive; Peers; relational
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45) One effective intervention in controlling bullying involved using and _________________- ____________-strategy.
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whole-schoole
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46) Concluding her presentation on bullying, Olivia notes that bullying may be the result of __________________________
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d) an inborn brain abnormality or insecure attachment or the presence of hostile siblings.
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47) 10 old Ramon, who is disliked by many of his peers because of his antagonistic, confrontational nature, would probably be labeled as _____________ -________________.
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aggressive-rejected. Children such as Ramon ten to misread social situations and lack emotional regulation.
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48) In discussing friendship, 9 yr old Melissa, in contrast to a younger child, will _____________________
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c)be less choosy about who she calls a friend. In middle childhood, friendship becomoes more selective and intimate and children choose each other because of similar interests, values, and backgrounds.
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49) 8 yr old henry is unpopular because he is a very timid and anxiou child. Developmentalist would classify Henry as ___________- _____________.
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withdrawn-rejected withdrawn-rejected children are most likely to become bully-victims. Like aggressive-rejected children, they ten to misread social situations and lact emotional regulation.
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50) Of the following children, who is most likely to become a bully? ___________________________
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b) Bavid, who is above average in verbal assertiveness. Verbal bullying is one of the 3 major types of bullying (physical and relational are the other two types of bullying)
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51) I am an 8 yr old who frequently is bullied at school. If I am like most vicitms of bullies, I am probably ____________________.
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d) anxious and insecure Surprisingly, children who are different because of obesity or looks, for example, are not necessarily singled out for bullying.
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52) The theorist who has extensively studied moral development by presenting peole with stories that pose ethnical dilemmas is ______________. According to his theory, the 3 levels of moral reasoning are ___________, _________, and ________________.
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Lawrence Kohlberg; preconventional; conventional; postconventional
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53) (Table 13.3) In preconventional resoning, emphasis is on getting _______- and avoiding ______________. "Might makes right" describes stage _________________ (1/2), whereas "look out for number one" describes stage ___________---(1/2).
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rewards; punishments; 1;2
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54)(Table 13.3) In conventional reasoning, emplasis is on ________________ _______________, such as being a dutiful citizen, in stage ________________ (3/4), or on winning approval from others, in stage ________3/4)
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social rules; 4;3
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55) (Table 13.3) In postconventional reasoning, emphasis is on ________ _________, such as ___________ ___________ (stage 5) and ___________ ______________ __________- (stage 6).
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moral principles; social contracts; universal ethical principles
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56) One criticism of Kohlberg's theory is that it does not take _____________ or ________-differences into account.
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cultural; gender
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57) During a neighborhood game of baseball, Sam insists that Bobby cannot take another swing at the bat following his tird strike because "that's the rule." Sam is evidently thining about this issue at Kohlberg's ____________ stagee of moral reasoning.
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conventional. During Stage Four, Law and order, being a proper citizen means obeying the rules set down by society.
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PT.1) Between 9 and 11 yrs of age, children are likely to demonstrate more reasoning at which of Kohlberg's stages
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b) conventional
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2) Which of the following is NOT among the highest values of middle childhood?
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d) don't depend on others
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3) The best strategy for helping children who are at risk of developping serious psychological probablems because of multiple stresses would be to ________________________
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b) increase the child's competencies or social supports
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4) The culture of children refers to ______________________
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a)the specific habits, sytles, and values that reflect the rules and rituals of children. b)social comparison is a child's endency to assess abilityes by measuring them against those peers. c)social cognition: children's ability to understand soical interactions.
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5) Girls who are bullies are often above average in ____________-, whereas boys who are bullies are often above average in ____________.
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b) verbal assertiveness; size
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6) A family that consists of 2 parents, at least one with biological children from a previous union, and any children the 2 adults have together is called a ________- family.
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d)blended a. In an extended famiy, children live with grandparents or toher relatives. b. In a polygamous family, one man has several wives. c. A nuclear family has 2 parents and their biological children.
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7) Compared with average or popular children, rejeccted children tend to be
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d) socially immature
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8) School-age children advance in their awareness of classmates's opinions and accomplishments. These abilities are best described as advances in their _____________ __________.
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b)social cognition a. Social comparison is the tendency to assess one's ability by measuring them against those of others, especially those of one's peers. c. Metacognition, which is not discussed in this chapter, is the ability to monitor and adjust one's cognitive processes d. was not discussed in the chapter.
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9) Resilience is representedy by postive adaptation. T/F
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F Resilience involves positive adaptation to stress.
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10)with their expending social world and developing cognition, children may be stressed by a variety of disturbing problems. Which of the following is NOT a means by which children can overcome these problems________?
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b.) healthy diet school success, religious faith and after-school achievements are.
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11) Erikson's crisis of th school years is that of ___________________________________.
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a) industry versus inferiority
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12) Bully-victims are typically children who would be categorized as _______________________
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a) aggressive-rejected b. Withdrawn-rejected children are often the victims of bullies, but rarely are bullies themselves. c & d:____________ & __________ no such catagories
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13) Bullying during middle childhood ___________________
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c. seems to be universal d ____- In fact, children rarely intervene, unless a best friend is involved.
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14) during middle childhood, children become _____________- selective about their friends and their friendship groups become ___________
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d. more;smaller
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15) Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority corresponds to which of Freud's psychosexual stages?
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d) period of latency
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T/F 1) As the evaluate themselves according to increasingly complex self-theories, school-age children typically experience a rise in self-esteem. T/F
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F Just the opposite is true
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2) During middle childhood, acceptance by the peer group is alued more than having a close friend. T/F
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F Just the opposite is true
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3) Children from low-income homes often experience more stress. T/F
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T
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4)Bullies and their victims are ususally of the same gender. T/F
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T
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5)Children who are labeled resilient demonstate an ablity to adapt positively in all situations. T/F
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F A given child is not resiliend in all situations
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6) The primary advantage of the stepparent structure is financial. T/F
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T
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7) Withdrawn-rejected and aggressive-rejected children both have problems regulating their emotions. T/F
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T
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8) Most aggressive-rejected children clearly interpret other people's woords and behavior. T/F
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F Just the opposite is true; They tend to misinterpret other people's ords and behavior.
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9) School-age children are less able than younger chldren to cope with chronic stresses.T/F
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F. Because of the coping strategies taht many school-age children develop, the are better able than hyounger children to cope with stress.
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10) children's ability to cope with stress may depend as much on their appraisal of events as on the objective nature of the actual events. T/F
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T
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11) Friendship circles becomoe wider as chilren grow older. T/F
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F Friendship circles become narrower because friendships become more intense and intimate
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PT2; 1) children who are categorized as ___________ are particularly vulnerable to bullying.
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c) withdrawn -rejected a ____________ are usually bullied
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2) Environmental Influences on childdren's traits that result form contact with different teachers and peer groups are classified as _________________
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b)nonshared influences shared influences are those that occur because children are raised by the same parents in the same home, although children raised in the same home do not necessarily share the same home environment.
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3) Compared with parents in other family structures, married parents tend to be ________________-
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wealthier, better educated, or healthier.
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4) More than half of all the shcool-age children live in ___________________
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d)nuclear familes
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5) Typically, children in middle childhhood experience a decrease in self-esteem as a result of ________________
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b) increased awareness of personal shortcomings and failures. a. a wavering self-theory tends to promote, rather than reduce, self-esteem c.a lack of emotional regulation: is emotional regulation improves during middle childhood. d. difficulties with memebers of the opposite sex: This issue becomes more important during adolescence.
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6) A 10 yr old's sens of self - esteem is most strongly influenced by his or her ______________
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a) peers
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7)Which of the following most accurately describes how friendships change during the school years?
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d) close friendships increasingly involve members of the same sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
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8)______________________ an accurate statement about school-age bullies.
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d)They are socially perceptive but not empathic & They usually have a few admiring friends. & they are adept at being aggressive
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9) One effective intervention to prevent bullying in the school is to ___________________________.
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a) change the culture through community-wide and classroom education.
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10) Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship between family income and child development?
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c) the basic family functions are enhanced by adequate family income.
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11) Two factors that most often help the child cope well with stress are ___________ support and ____________
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b. social; religious faith
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12) An 8 yrs old child who measures her achievements by measuring them against those of her friends is engaging in social _______________.
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b) comparison
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13) In Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning that is based on seeking rewards and avoiding punishment is called ___________
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d) conventional
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14) According to Freud, the period between ages 6 and 11 when a child's sexual drives are relatively quiet is the __________________
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c) period of latency
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Matching: 1) relational bullying
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i) used by girl bullies
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2) nuclear family
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c)a father, a mother, and the biological children they have together
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3) social comparison
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f) evaluating one's abilities by measuring them against those of other children
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4) provocative victim
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a)another term for a bully-victim
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5) foster family
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j) a fmaily in which one or more children are temporarily cared for by an adult individual o rcouple to whom they are not biologically related
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6) aggressive-rejected
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e) children who are disliked becasue of their confrontational nature
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7) withdrawn-rejected
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h) children who are disliked because of timid, anxious behavior.
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8) physical bullying
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d) used by boy bullies
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9) effortful control
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k) the ability to regulate one's emotions
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10) blended family
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badults living with their children from previous marriages as well as their own biological children.
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11) extended family
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g) three or more generations of biologically related individuals living together
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Key Terms: 1) Industry vs. inferiority
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According to Erikson, the crisis of middle childhood is industry versus inferiority, in which children try to master many skills and develop views of themselves as either competent and industrious or incompetent and inferior.
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2.) latency
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In Freud's theory, middle childhood is a period of latency, during which emotional drives are quieter and unconscious sexual conflicts are submerged.
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3) social comparison
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is the tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of others, especially those of one's peers.
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4) effortful control
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is the ability to regulate on'e impulses and emotions through effort, not simply through natural inclination.
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5) resilience
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is the capacity to adapt positively despite adversity and to overcome serious stress.
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6) family structure
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refers to the legal and genetic relationships among relatives in the same house-hold.
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7) family function
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refers to the ways families work to meet the needs of its members, which for children is meeting their basic material needs, encouragin them to lean, helping them to develop self-respect, nurturing friendships, and fostering harmony and stability.
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8) nuclear family
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consists of 2 parents and their mutual biological offspring under age of 18
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9) Single-parent family
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consists of one parent and his or her biological children under age 18
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10) extended family
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consists of 3 ormore generations living in one household
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11) Polygamous family
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consists of one man with several wives, each bearing his children
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12) culture of children
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refers to the specific habits, styles, and values that reflect the rules and rituals of children.
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13)aggressive-rejected
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children are rejected by the peer group because of their antagonisitic, confrontational behavior.
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14) Withdrawn-rejected
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children are shunned by the peer group becauseof their timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior.
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15) Social cognition
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is the ability to understand social interactions.
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16) Bullying
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is the repeated, systematic effort to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attacks on a weaker person.
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17) Bully-victim
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is a bully who has also been a victim of bullying; also called provacative victim
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18) Preconventional moral reasoning
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is Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments
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19) conventional moral reasoning
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is kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules.
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20) Post conventional moral reasoning
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is Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles.
