question

During early childhood, __________ skills increase at an astonishing pace.

answer

C) language

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Spatial skills

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D) develop gradually over childhood and adolescence.

question

Which of the following statements about handedness is true?

answer

B) For right-handed people, language is housed in the left hemisphere.

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Research on handedness demonstrates that

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D) most left-handers have no developmental problems.

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The cerebellum

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B) aids in balance and control of body movement.

question

The hippocampus

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C) plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.

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Which of the following brain structures connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

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A) corpus callosum

question

Throughout childhood and adolescence, a nutritionally deficient diet is associated with

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B) attention difficulties.

question

In developing countries, __________ leads to growth stunting and nearly 1 million childhood deaths each year.

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C) diarrhea

question

Compared with other industrialized nations, the United States

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B) has a high childhood injury death rate.

question

The high childhood injury rate in developing countries is largely due to

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D) widespread childhood poverty.

question

Preschoolers' balance improves greatly when their

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C) bodies become more streamlined.

question

According to Piaget, egocentrism is

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D) the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thought.

question

Conservation refers to the

answer

D) idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

question

Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.

answer

B) language

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Between 14 and 16 months, toddlers display a beginning grasp of

answer

C) ordinality.

question

Between ages 2 and 6, most children learn about _____ new words each __________.

answer

B) 5; day

question

The attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that we believe define ourselves comprise our__________, whereas the judgments we make about our worth and the feelings associated with those judgments are our __________.

answer

A) self-concept; self-esteem

question

Between ages 2 and 6,

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B) emotional self-regulation improves.

question

Empathy serves as an important motivator of __________ behavior.

answer

C) prosocial

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As the ability to take another's perspective improves,

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D) empathic responding increases.

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All theories of moral development recognize that conscience begins to take shape

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C) in early childhood.

question

According to Freud, children

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D) obey the superego to avoid guilt.

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When parents use inductive discipline, they

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D) point out the effects of their child's misbehavior on others.

question

According to social learning theorists,

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B) morality is acquired through reinforcement and modeling.

question

Corporal punishment

answer

B) models aggression.

question

The __________ perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules.

answer

A) cognitive-developmental

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An example of instrumental aggression is a child

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B) pushing another child off a seat that he wants to sit on.

question

Verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent in

answer

C) reality TV shows.

question

Gender __________ refers to any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes.

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D) typing

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Adults can combat children's gender stereotyped beliefs by

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D) asking children to avoid using gender labels.

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Gender schema theory

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C) is an information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive-development features.

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The authoritative child-rearing style is

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B) the most successful approach.

question

A(n) __________ parenting style is associated with children who are impulsive, disobedient, overly demanding, and dependent on adults.

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B) permissive

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Physical growth during the school years

answer

B) continues at the slow, regular pace of early childhood.

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Between ages 6 and 12,

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A) 12 of the primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.

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Research shows that obesity has caused a dramatic rise in cases of __________ in children.

answer

B) diabetes

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In one obesity intervention program, where both parents and children revised eating patterns and exercised daily,

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A) the more weight parents lost, the more their children lost.

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By far, the most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States is

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B) asthma

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Compared with preschoolers, school-age children

answer

C) are quicker and have more accurate movements.

question

Which of the following statements about playing games in middle childhood is true?

answer

B) Gains in perspective taking permit a transition to rule-oriented games.

question

Participation in community athletic teams

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D) seems to foster self-esteem and social skills.

question

According to Piaget, children are first able to __________ in middle childhood.

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C) successfully complete conservation tasks

question

A child who is capable of reversibility can

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D) think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction.

question

Heritability evidence suggests __________ genetic influences on various aspects of executive function, including combining information in working memory, controlling attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses.

answer

D) substantial

question

Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

answer

C) Boys are diagnosed with ADHD about four times as often as girls.

question

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is

answer

C) highly heritable and is also associated with environmental factors.

question

Children who acquire effective self-regulatory skills develop a sense of

answer

A) academic self-efficacy.

question

Virtually all intelligence tests provide an overall score (the IQ), which represents __________ intelligence.

answer

B) general

question

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence identifies which of the following three broad, interacting intelligences?

answer

C) analytical, creative, and practical

question

In a social-constructivist classroom,

answer

C) teachers, students, and peers work together on a wide range of challenging activities.

question

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the negative outcome of middle childhood is

answer

C) inferiority.

question

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.

answer

D) industry

question

Self-esteem

answer

B) differentiates and adjusts to a more realistic level as children enter school.

question

The best way for parents to foster a positive, secure self-image is to

answer

D) encourage their children to strive for worthwhile goals.

question

Mastery-oriented children are most likely to attribute failure to

answer

D) insufficient effort.

question

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.

answer

A) learned helplessness

question

In problem-centered coping, children

answer

C) appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

question

Having received a bad grade on a test, Aiden employs internal strategies such as distraction. Aiden is using

answer

B) emotion-centered coping.

question

In middle childhood, the ___ becomes an increasingly important context for development.

answer

C) society of peers

question

Training in __________ often improves the peer relations and psychological adjustment of rejected children.

answer

A) positive social skills

question

In middle childhood, boys

answer

C) usually stick to "masculine" activities.

question

Child rearing becomes easier in middle childhood for parents who established a(n) __________ style during the early years.

answer

C) authoritative

question

Coregulation

answer

C) involves general parental oversight while letting the child make moment-by-moment decisions.

question

Preschool and young school-age children often __________ a marital breakup.

answer

D) blame themselves for

question

Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in __________ greatly improve the chances of favorable child outcomes.

answer

B) coparenting

question

Children in blended families usually have ___ than children in stable, first-marriage families.

answer

B) more adjustment problems

question

Resilience

answer

D) enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity.

question

__________ viewed the social environment as entirely responsible for the range of teenage experiences, from erratic and agitated to calm and stress-free.

answer

D) Margaret Mead

question

Today we know that adolescent development is

answer

D) influenced by biological, psychological, and social forces.

question

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic?

answer

B) pubic hair

question

Sleep-deprived adolescents

answer

B) are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression.

question

Compared to the moods of older adolescents and adults, the moods of younger adolescents

answer

C) are strongly related to situational changes.

question

Psychological distancing occurs in

answer

D) industrialized nations as a modern substitute for the actual physical departure from the family.

question

Early-maturing girls are viewed as

answer

C) unpopular, withdrawn, and lacking in self-confidence.

question

Which of the following statements about individuals with anorexia nervosa is true?

answer

B) They typically deny or minimize the seriousness of their disorder.

question

Bulimia nervosa

answer

C) is influenced by heredity.

question

Which of the following statements about contraceptive use in adolescence is true?

answer

B) About 20 percent of sexually active U.S. teenagers do not use contraception consistently.

question

Most gay, lesbian, or bisexual youths experience

answer

B) an inner struggle that is intensified by a lack of role models and social support.

question

Which of the following statements about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is true?

answer

A) Most high school students have only a limited understanding of STDs.

question

Children born to teenage mothers

answer

A) often become adolescent parents.

question

Which of the following substances do U.S. adolescents most often experiment with during high school?

answer

B) alcohol

question

According to Piaget, around age 11 young people enter the __________ stage.

answer

D) formal operational

question

Piaget believed that at adolescence, young people first become capable of

answer

B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

question

Information-processing researchers regard __________ as central to adolescent cognitive development.

answer

C) metacognition

question

1) Erikson was the first to recognize ________ as a crucial step toward becoming a productive, content adult.

answer

B) identity

question

According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences

answer

B) role confusion.

question

In adolescence, self-esteem __________ for most young people.

answer

D) rises

question

In adolescence, __________ parenting predicts high self-esteem.

answer

D) authoritative

question

Identity-_______ individuals lack clear direction. They are not committed to values or goals, nor are they actively trying to reach them.

answer

C) diffused

question

Long-term identity __________ and __________ are maladaptive.

answer

D) foreclosure; diffusion

question

Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be

answer

D) identity-foreclosed.

question

At Kohlberg's _______ level, behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, whereas those that lead to rewards are seen as good.

answer

D) preconventional

question

Low self-esteem, depression, and antisocial behavior among teenagers are associated with __________ parenting.

answer

D) coercive or psychologically controlling

question

Cliques

answer

A) usually have members that resemble one another in family background.

question

Crowd membership is based on

answer

B) reputation.

question

Early dating is related to

answer

A) delinquency and drug use.

question

Which of the following statements about adolescent depression is true?

answer

B) Depression is the most common psychological problem of adolescence

question

The suicide rate

answer

B) jumps sharply at adolescence.

question

Which of the following statements about factors related to juvenile delinquency is true?

answer

C) Families of delinquent youths tend to be low in warmth, high in conflict, and characterized by harsh, inconsistent discipline and low monitoring.

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