History of American Education – Flashcards
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Renaissance
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1300-1500. Rebirth or reinterest in classical Greece and Rome. Rise of nation-states. HUMANISM. Rejected scholasticism (scholar-cleric). Exploration of new worlds, new art, new literature. Schools were Italian cout schools and latin grammar schools. Sipport nobility.
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Humanism
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Views human nature as its subkect. Stresses the dignity of the individual, free will, and value of human spirit. Educated man is a spiritual man.
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Native American Pre-colonial Education
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Survival skills, transmission of cultural heritage, spiritual awareness; human beings comprised of spriti, a mind, and a physical body.
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Foremost humanist of Renaissance and had greatest impact on educational thought. from Netherlands. Influenced Reformation. All about students. Start education early. Teacher preparation. No corporal pubishment. 1466-1536. Studied at Paris and Oxford, professor at Cambridge. Importance of teaching Latin and Greek. Use dialogues to teach morals and Christian doctrine. Model for New England Primer. Argued for early childhood education. Wrote book that proposed method of systematic training of teachers who need to be both braodly educated and expert in subject. Needs and interests of students take precidence of materials and methods, not those of church. Study depends on good will of the student, a quality that cannot be secured by compulsion." Potential of individual (male) to improve himself. Emphasized omdividuality and inherent human rights.There are two fundamental themes that run through his works. One is that education is the means to reform, the key to moral and intellectual improvement. The second is that Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart or spirit, not formalism, special ceremonies, and law. (p.437) User-
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Renaissance School
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Court schools- humanist urriculu and liberal arts. Courtier training so well-rounded, esp. through play.
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John Dewey
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U of Chicago and Columbia. 1896 own lab school. Pragmatism, truth results in the application of scientific thingking to expereince. Motivation. Theory:"Learning through Experience" Dewey is considered the "father" of progressive education practice that promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences, such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and arts integration activities. He theorized that school is primarily a social institution and a process of living, not an institution to prepare for future living. He believed that schools should teach children to be problem-solvers by helping them learn to think as opposed to helping them learn only the content of a lesson. He also believed that students should be active decision-makers in their education. Dewey advanced the notion that teachers have rights and must have more academic autonomy What would he think of NCLB- good intention, but not implemented properly. Nothing wrong with accountability but not testing to real life.
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Thomas Jefferson
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A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality.Proposed VA's system of public schools that were state-supported. Free for 3 years to all white kids, taxes suppoer and sponsor schools in each county. Grammar schools built at taxpayer expense. Scholarships to Wm and Mary.
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Martin Luther
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german monk; 1517; author of the 95 Theses,; protested indulgences & monasticism, criticized importance of the sacraments, stated that only faith can bring salvation - not the church, and promoted translation of the Bible into vernacular. gained wide support. Printing press helped. Edcuation should be supported by the state. Curriculum responsibility of the state. Moral education, theology through catecism; grammar, classical languiates, math, science, history. Vernacular helped build nationalism.
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Reformation
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A religious movement in the sixteenth century (1517) that began as an attempted reform of the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the founding of Protestant churches separate from it. Some of the leaders of it were Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Knox. It was established in England after King Henry VIII declared himself head of the Christian Church in that country.
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Women in education
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Cult of domesticity REpublican woman After civil war, education and career oportunities expanded. Radcliffe, Wellsley Gender equity Title IX of ESEA 1972, Women's Educational Equity Act of 1974 to promote equity for girls- impact on curriculum, instruction, disciplines, $ gender bias in textbooks.
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Minorities in education
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Indians had own education Then Catholic priests Then non-demonimataional groups. Civil Rights Act 1964 Brown v Board of Ed ESEA 1965, 1968 Title IVV Bilingual Ed. Lau v Nichoils Chinese got English only in SF violation of 14th Amendment and title VI of Civil Rights Act. ESEA TItle II 1974 defined bilingual ed. Asian Americans- Chinese, then Japanese., 1990w supreme court decisions did not fight Brown desegregation any more. Over 500 court-ordered and volntary deseg plans eliminated.
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Blacks in education
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Slaves. Free blacks could get apprenticeship. Some schools avail until 1740 slave rebellion law prohibiting. But many non-denominational groups resposible for educating blacks.
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Linda Kerber
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Republican Motherhood 1976 Women acted in political capacity only in special and unusual circumstances.. Important revolutionary invention it justified extension of women in politics women do serve political purposes even though not citizens. Nash 21 years later refutes with Ladie's Academy with girls.
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Benjamin Rush
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Opposed slavery, PA representative and doctor, signer of Declaration of Independence. Penitentiary instead of corporal and capital punishment. A doctor and a teacher. He hated slavery, tobacco, and capital punishment. Rush was one of Pennsylvania's representatives. Similar to Jefferson, his legislation plan for free schools in each town and then an academy in each county to train for university. Founded first female academy in US. Education of blacks. Wanted National University.
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Noah Webster
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a teacher. Most influence US need American education. Grammativcal institute of English languiage to replace English texts. American Dictionary of the English Language. Elementary spelling book. Supported free schools where students receive 4 months of trainine each year. Supported women in education.
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Booker T. Washington
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1856-1915, Technical Skills, African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality., Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."
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W.E.B. DuBois
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1886-1963 backto eard Ph.D fromharvard 1895, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped to create NAACP in 1910; brake the color line...demanded equal rights founder of NAACP, opposed Booker T. Washington's white cooperation theory and wanted a black . Liberationist, intellectualist
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Charles Houston
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1895-1950Integrationist, Desegregationist, reformistBuilt cases to Supreme Court for civil rights.
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History
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Find meaning in the facts. It is an interpretive framework and a science. Framework o organize and interpret human experience.
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American education
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UNique but has European hertigage
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Early Spanish and French American Edcuation
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1500s Spanish had mission schools with Fransicsans and Dominicans; Jesuits French All about Christian faith.
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John Calvin
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This was another leader in the Reformation who believed in a simple faith and a simple method of worship;1509-1564. Salvation through fiath and prayer. Need to study scriptures so needed compulsory education to do so; education contributes to irderly and civil society. Common Schools for masses. Advocated universal and compulsory education for all. Two tracks of education: common school for masses and secondary schools for teaching of classecs and for leaders. Elementary curriculum reading, wrting, math, religion. Secondary classiscal langiuages, grammar, math, music, sicent, history. Students taught by teachers who would eventiually become licensed by state and taught students in own langualte. Secondary schools for classisc teaching and for leaders. Hold parents responsible for education of children. Puritans of New England, Dutch Reformed of Netherlands, Presbyterian Scotch in middle and southern colonies. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. This French theologian was the leading French Protestant Reformer and very important to the second generation of the Christian Reformation. He deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America. The Calvinist form of Protestantism is has had a great impact on the development of the modern world, and included the Hugeunots. One thing he specifically believed was that God knows before a person is born whether they are going to heaven or hell.
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Colonial Education- New England
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2-track system of petty and Latin grammar schools. INstruction primarily religious and authoritarian. Teacher chosen by religion. NewEngland= tradition of government and religious involvement and support of education. Puitans well educatied and valued education.Boys needed more school for business/ Dame Schools with Marm under age 8, Horn book. "reading Schools" for New England Primer/ Secondary was Latin Grammar (boys). Led to teacher certification.
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Later Colonial Education
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Enlightendment- emphasized rationality and scientific inquirey, combined with an increaseing commercialized economy to demand a more practical education than Latin Grammar could--- led to the Academy.
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Apprenticeship system
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Law of some colonies that if parents could not afforf school then children apprenticed- boys, girls, free blacks.
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Colonial School Laws
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Massachusetts - 1642 and 1647- promote literacy and strengthen social order. Compulsory education
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Colonial Education- Mid Atlantic
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Mid-Atlantic= pluralistic, parochial schools with no government support. Calvinist New York, parochial and priviate schools; rural often no school. Many immigrants distrusted state from whence came, so no state control. Private elem. tutors for upper class, private venture schools for middle, and denominational (church-related) schools for lower. Teachers certified by royal gov. or by church.
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Colonial Education-South
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Southern=social class determined education and church did not get involved. puaper or charity schools, mostly religious. Ruled by king's governors, big plantations, chirch of england.
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Age of Reason/Enlightenment
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Another name for the Enlightenment, New approaches to education, science, religion. Locke and RousseauTime period characterized 1700s Newton; lots of innovations including steam engine, iron bridges, cotton gin. by a critical approach to religious, social, and philosophical matters that seeks to repudiate beliefs or systems not based on or justifiable by reason., late 1700-early 1800's this period was a time when authors were focused more on their own reasoning rather than simply taking what the churt taught as fact. cultivation of patriotism. pamphlets, essays, travel writings, speeches and documents, includes authors such as Jefferson, Paine, Henry; notable work: 'Common Sense' All men have certain rights: rational examination of beliefs led to rejection of monarchy.
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John Locke
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Enlightenment Rasa (blank slate)English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property., Curriculum should be beyond 3Rs Mathematics for a reasonable man. Education goals was to create the moral, practical individual who could participate effectively in the governing process. (Franklin's schools much like Locke's). Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, Locke believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France., 1632-1704, English philosopher, founder of British empiricism. Locke summed up the Enlightenment in his belief in the middle class and its right to freedom of conscience and right to property, in his faith in science, and in his confidence in the goodness of humanity. His influence upon philosophy and political theory has been incalculable.
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Schools in revolutionary and early national periods
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School was casualty of Revolution, but school promote nationalism and produce an educated and orderly citizenry required for the functioning of a democratic republic. Educational opportunities expanded to poor, Sunday school, infant schools, and academy for secondary school (fooundations for high school). Education now about citizenship and the nation-state. Based on Protestant principles and morals. Schools must: be relative to the form of gov't; need a tru;y "American" education for cohesive and patriotic citizenry, practical aimed at improving human condition, and be exemplary and world models of liberty and learning.
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Academy
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Revolution/Early National. a secondary school that focused on the practical needs of colonial America as a growing nation
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Monitorial Schools
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Revolution/Early National. Quaker. Teacher, many kids, come to platform
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Sunday Schools
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Revolution/Early National.Charity schools especially for poor who worked all week. Initially secular but by 1830 church run.
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Public High School
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Early National. Boston English Classical for Boys; alternative to Latin Grammar. 1827 MA law for public high schools.
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Common School Movement
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1830-1860. Built on Enlightnement and economic needs of new nation. (support-industrialize and urbanize)Westward expansion and adding of states. slave vs. free states, lots of new inventions, steamboat, canals, railraods in 1830s, industrialization, urbanization, cotton gin, embargo of 1807, War of 1812, protective tarrif s of 1828. Emmerson's concept of individualism and Reform, Worthiness of humankind. Romantic notion of Goodness, in everyone a spark of the divine,on the vision of statewide, publicly funded school systems and the role of education espoused by Mann, Carter, Barnard, Beecher. Promote Nationalism, ensure social order, and prepare educated citizens and skilled workforce needed for the ever increasing industrialization. Increase in immigration from other non-protestants. Standardize (conformity) texts and instruction, improve teacher training through state-sponsored normal schools. Practical. Lyceums for adult ed.Those who opposed saw loss of control, increased gov't, increased taxes, non-sectarian, racist, Irish prejudice. But successful in higher rates of attendance, longer school terms, improved facilities, increased state supervision, improved teacher training and pay. Administration professionalized and standardization of texbooks. Mostly just in New England initially, pre-civil war Intermediate schools and then 1870s Ungraded schools for low . Thaddeus Stevens, (PA), Horace Mann (MAHenry Barnard (CT), James Carter (MA). Common schools state driven.
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Immigrant education
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Saw as increase mobility. ASsimilation. But also reject culture. Keep out of work.
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Horace Mann
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Father of American Education. 1796-1859 (common school movement). MA Board of Ed leader after Legislator, common schoool. Education contributes to the economic growth of a nation aswell as economic advancement for individula. Therefore use taxes to support.Social harmonty and ensure republic guided by an intelligent, moral citizenry.. He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position. Led to educational advances in text books by Noah Webster and Ohioan William H. McGuffey.
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James Carter
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1795-1845/Common school movement, Father of the Normal school. Tax support of school. Hired Horace Mann.
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Henry Barnard
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1811-1900/Common school movemebt. Fathre of American School Administration. Connecticut. Boar. Schools good enough for the best and cheap enough for the poorest.
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Catherine Beecher
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1800-1878/Common schools Founder of Hartford Female Seminary, corps of female teachers to staff common schoos, esp for frontier.
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Johann Pestalozzi
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1746-1827/common schools. Swiss educator for child-centered, sensory experience principles of Rousseau. Natural goodness and individual differences in "readiness" to learn. Give child feelings of self-respect and emotional secutiry and treat with love. Love govern's philosophy. Start with concrete to abstract. Present materials slowly, in developmental order, from simple to comlex. Object lesson.
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Post civil war education
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1885 new migration from eastern and southern europe. As in earlier decades, ed seemed for upward mobility, weapon on war on poverty, juvenile delinquency. After civil war(and during reconstruction) common school spread to rest of nation.Increased enrollment in common school meant needed more places to go later, so late 1800's and early 1900s saw rapid expansion and rise of junior high school. Higher ed now had junior colleges. Normal schools expanded and added and became teacher colleges. kindergarten started. More demands of working middle class, skilled workers, concern over US competition, need for Voced. Native Americans and Blacks had government involved in education.
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kindergarten
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post civil war period. Founded in 1837 in Europe by Froebel, age 3-4 years. Produced materials and distributed. 1856 first K in wisconsin. Then 1860 in Boston by Peabody, Mann's ssterinlaw. By 1918 K accepted as first school rung.
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Secondary school movement- post civil war
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prepared for kids to stay in school longer. high school movement, although earlier in 1821 introduced, it was slow to grow, 1831 first comprehensive HS coed. By 1860 300 HS to 6000 Academies. In 1880s massive growth of HS and by 1900 more HS than academies. Tax funded. HS education necessary for supporting rapid growth of industry and technologies. Growth of voced and modern university. Improved teacher training and professionalism. Curriculum standards, Normal schools and accrediting agencies. colleges and universities added education. Unions of teachers.
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Compulsory Attendance
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1857 MA, but then after civil war in many states. Compulsory and public funded education 1874 Kalamazoo. By 1918 all.
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Committee of Ten
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NEA, college presidents mostly. Standardization of curriculum, 1892. HS more practical than academy, but still directed to college prep. , decided on materials used in school. Voced after HS. Major influence on standard subjects and Carnegie foundation.
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Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
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concerns remained that HS not retaining students who left and roamed streets. 1913, then 1918 reports to suggest comprehensive HS with voced.
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Manual Training Movement
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Post civil war, 1870s promoted by MIT. Unlike voced, but to develop perception, dexterity, etc. Critics said not academic, but okay for blakcs and natves. set stage for voced.
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Vocational Education
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Business leaders concerned US losing ground to German technical schools which produced highly educatied and skilled workers. Industry's interest in voced coincided with progressive eduactions's criticism of the punlic schools. By 1910 got together. Coop was implemented and freed classrooms and teachers to teach ohers. Labor leaders initially opposed concept of differentiated voced- saw it as exascerbaring class differences. But came to accept the voced kept kids in school and provided skills needed for higher paying jobs. As long as part of hS okay. 1917 Smith Hughes Act. Most successful reform initiatives of 20th century.By late 1920s counselors amd separate tracks.
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Comprehensive High Schools post civil war
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Wide range of curricula: voced, business, college prep, modified for those not go on. Students self-selected based on interests, abilities, goalds. Standardized tests came, and then tracking.
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Junior High Schools
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1910's 6-8 grades. Developmental differences required. Slow to catch on until WWII overcrowding.
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Higher Ed and Land Grant Colleges
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1862 engineering and ag. separate but equal facilities for blacks. Modern University-- JHU was the first in 1876
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Herbartarianism
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development of character prmary goal of ed. scientifically based approach to learning. schaffolding. Based on what already know. Association stimulates interest.
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Progressive Education
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Turn of 20th century. Addresses changes everywhere. Staggering demographic and industrial changes US. New type of education to more different pop. child center of learning HUge influx of immigrants, slums. Rapid growth of RR, robber barons, new markets for trade, transatlantic cable. Patronage and corruption tammany hall. Representative democracy, suffrage, labor legislation. Improved conditions in schools and rapid growth. School boards shrank with the social effieciency. Don't waste education on those not using it. Pedagogical progressivism roots with Froebel and Pestalozzi. Conformingly teaching kids to adapt to the growing urbania. Dewey: The school and Society was the fundamental method of social progress and reform. "Education" in other words, should teach good citizenship as well as knowledge" Enough to get by and factory work
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Francis Parker
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1837-1902 Progressive. Superintendent of quincy schools. Shared froebel and Pestalozzi. Lab school in Chcago Normal school Joined Dewy and Young.
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Ella Flagg Young
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1845-1917 Progressive. Large superintendent Chicago. Pres of NEA. Colleague of Dewey's/ Did not like cutlt of efficeincy. Teachers as leaders. Devemtralized admin. Teacher rights to organize.
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William Kilpatrick
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WWi-WWII late progressive. Project Method. Engage child in purposeful and practical as possible education. Activity or experiential ed.
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Child Study Movement
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progressive. Study child at play scientific approach to determining indv'l differences.
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Measurement movement
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progressive. measure qty qlty. Standoofrd Minet Intelligence tests, IQ Thorndike. Objectified students and labeled. dewey didn't like because made judgments about potential and therby endermining democratic purpose of ed.
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Post WWI and Depression
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Mass production, more affordable products, expansion. New Deal Herbert Hoover did not give money to individuals but to banks. FDR came in with New Deal. work relief and public works. Schools closed, shortened time in schools. Pay tuition. married teachers laid off first. growth of NEA membership. tenure protection. Social reconstruction to redress social injustices. William Kilpatrick. Needed collectivism social model
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New Deal
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Before this, federal government had limited role in education. Peripherally involved in CCC, National Youth Admin, and Public Works. WPA. Property wealth at school districts.
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Ralph Tyler
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1932-1940 vindicated progressive ed with 8-year study. HS did progressive curriculum and colleges waived traditional approacj with discipline. DId just as well but more invoved in articustic and cultural activities.Developed Ty;er Rationale for developing curriculum as rational process that involved objectives and learning activites integrated grade to grade, activity to activity.
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William C. Bagley
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Essentialist post WWI educator. Challenged progressivism and 8-year study. Lack of fundamentals and child centered ignored basic skills. American to German ed weak, lacking in rigor, full of frills, not organized. Proposed ortanized, sequential curriculum and teacher initatited instructional process for enduring skills. rigid and structured classroom environment. Lessened influence in WWII but came again in 1950s, 80's and 90's.
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WWII and Education
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Politically fed govt more invoved and started talking about lack of common and inconsistent knowledge. supply armaments to war made rich, got out of depression. enrollments declined. Women went to work. Schools closed, fewer course offerings. Training at higher ed for military preparedness. Postwar baby boom and GI bill. Progressives won until Sputnik and Cold War.
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Arthur Bestor (Robert Hutchins, Adm. Hyman Rickover)
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Return to basics post WWII. criticized progresive ed as trivial pursuit. traditional liberal arts curriculum with well-defined subjects. Systematic and sequential curriculm. Founded the Couscil on Basic Education.
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Education after Sputnik
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1957 Loss of prestige. Confired to critics that education lacked rigor and insufficient attention to math and science. government response was significant in magnitude and direction, funding NSF and curriculum and national defense of education Act. Conant report of 1959 said small HS not adequate to offer quality academic and voced. Must have larger schools with 4 yrs English, 3-4 yrs SS, 1 year math and sci. Group by ability. ETS.
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Bruner and Piaget
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New learning theories. Post WWII. concept of child development. Cognition-learning from Bruner learning in stages and what already learned. Motivation. Sprial curriculum 1950s and 1960s.
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Red Scare
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1947-1954. Teachers were socialists. Censorship. Loss of prestige to profession.
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1950's-1960's education
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more federal legislation and funding; move to disadvantaged (War on Poverty( vs. Idnedtifying Gifted and alented. Minorities and women had unequal education opportunities, pressured legislators and courts. While schools serving as backdrop for civil rights, feds looked to schools for key role in war on poverty. $$ preschool readiness, expand voced, DIRECT FEDERAL AID to higher ed ans cholarshops and loans. But Kennedy and Johnson moves brought Republicns support for back to basics. Voced Act of 1963, Peace Corps, VISTA, Head Start, Higher ed assistanceship for federal scholarships to students. Riots. Anti-vietnam, against military. Tinker v DeMoines 1969 Black armbands, must show material and substantial threat.
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Brown v. Board of Ed
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1954. Major catalyst for addressign inequalities. Reversed Plessy v Ferguson which said separate was equal. By law (de jure) must desegregate schools.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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further involved federal government in schools. Title VI prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin. In 1972 added Title IV for sex.
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Coleman Report
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1972 single most important variable in success of students was the educational and social class background of the family. second was the educational and social class background of other children in school.
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Elementary and Secondary Education Act
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1965 (ESEA). Major new commitment of federal government to provide quality and equality in schooling. Title I, Head Start, State Departments of Ed. In 1966 and 67 to include natives, migrants, handicapped, and ESOL.
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Disabled children education
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Mills v Brd of Ed DC 1972 child must be allowed in school or alternative services1972 Mills v. Brd of Ed of DC lost 1972/73 PARC v PA out of court settlement for free public education and due process Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 of Title VI of Civil Rights Act of 1964 no exclusion Education for All Handicapped Children 1975 (now IDEA) EHA 1978 FAPE IDEA 1997 ongoing concern for disproportinoate minorities and racial and ethnics in special ed.
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1970's education
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School Finance Reform Nixon, Ford, Carter. Economic disaster, high inflation, unenploymnet, decline in enrollment in schools and declining tax revenues from properties. Inequalitites between districts. 1971 Serrano v. Priest equal protection to spread wealth of state. First time that states provided less than 1/2 funding to schools.
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1980's education
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Reagan New Federalism president 1980 eroded ed reforms on equity. Replaced with accountability and standards. Reduced taxes and spending for social programs and education. Schools key to international competition and economic prosperity.Interest in basics and call for reform. "rising tide of mediocrity" in schools with failed experiments of 1960s. Although less federal involvement, still wanted to ID national interest in education, promote its accomplishemnt, and ensire perpetuation of common culture. Tuition tax credit and more prayer. Consolidated ESEA and EHA and more into block grant. School reform in 1980s competition with Japan and deteriorating domestic economy. Schools based on business model, TQM. Nation At Risk 1983. Three waves of reform. Compared in size and stature to common school movement.
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1990's education
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First time federal government joined state and national leaders in approving national goals for schools. Set national curriculum standards, followed by adoption of accountability systems to ensure standards being met. Mid-1990s takeover of congress by Republicans renewed efforts for conservative education agenda that included deregulation, charter schools, vouchers, and debates over gender, multicultureal, etc. Supreme Coutt decisions in mid1990s brough virtual halt to court-ordered desegregation and escalated the racial and ethnic resegregation already underway.
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First Wave of Reform 1982-1985
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Top-down state actions directed at improving achievemnt and accountabilty. Corporate formula for success- set clear goals and high standards. Restructure so that tachers and schools take charge. rewards and punishments.
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Second Wave of reform 1986-1989
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Needed fundamental reform at local level. Bottom-up from John Goodland, Theodore Sizer, and Ernest Boyer. Site based management, parental involvement, school choice. Reform teacher training. Restructuring. "A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Centry" 1986.
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Third Wave of Reform 1988
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Moe comprehensive reform. look beyond school to services for kids.
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Essentialism Revisited
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Essential- back to basics. 1970s began from lack of rigor and decline in standardized test scores. (like Bestor, Rickover, etc. in 1950s) ED Hirsch "Cultural literacy:What every American needs to know" William Bennet. Essentialism and Just say no and prayer.
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NeoPerennialists
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Mortimer Adler and Allan Blook, 1980's. Great Books. No differentiated curriculum. Responsibility to transfer heritage to kids.
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Progressiveist Theodore Sizer
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1980's Horace's Compromise. Nine principles to be individualized to guide reform. Master limited number of essential sckills and areas of knowledge. Depth v Breadth.
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America 2000/Goals 2000
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In 1989 G Bush saw that not much changed in education. Still needed to fix. Nat'l Govs Summit for raising student achievement, rasiing academic standards, and holding schools acoountable. World class standards shown to congress in 1991. Bush declared himself education president, Clinton a better onew. Clinton did. More funding under Goals 2000 fpr head start, parent participation, school to work, equity. Measure student progress with performance standards and measures to hold schools accountable. Required students to be included in state and local assessments. Outcomes-based education. Chrisitan right fought since curriculum not on founding fathers- too much on minorities and liberals. High stakes testing enacted as graduation requirement.
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Susan Blow
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Kindergarten Movement, Wealthy woman toured Europe and influenced by Froebel. Kinder, Founded the first public kindergarten;defender of the Froebelian approach. Borught Kindergarten for urban poor. motherhood and nurturing.
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Froebel
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Student of Pestalozzi, German educator who founded the kindergarten system (1782-1852). "gifts" and "occupations" talk and songs
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Purpose of Education- Political
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Identity, unify, for common good, indoctrinate and instill common values, learn about political systems and participate, establish nationalism and patriotism, define community vs individual.
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Purpose of Education-Social
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Survival/life skills. multicultural/diversity, training/job market, orderly society, feed children, orderly socety
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Purpose of Education-Economic
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Training, global competetiveness, socialization of worker, social norms, problem-solvers -commodities, communication (other langiuage./culture)
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George Counts
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Concerned with the impact that SES and culture have on students' ability to learn; leader in the Progressive movement. Sociology - dare the school build a new social order, educators must suffer and sacrifice. Need standards and rigor. Let kids explore interests but need set curriculum. , concept that promoted schools as the institution for reconstructing a healthy economic society
