Chapter One The Science of Psychology – Flashcards
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Psychology
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Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Objective Introspection
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The process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities
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Structuralism
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Early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind
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Functionalism
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Early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which focus of the study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
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Gesalt Psychiology
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Early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures
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Psychoanalysis
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The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
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Behaviorism
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The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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Modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations
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Cognitive Perspective
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Modern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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Study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking
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Sociocultural Perspective
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Perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
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Biopshychological Perspective
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Perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
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Evolutionary Perspective
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Perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share
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Psychologists
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A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology
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Psychiatrist
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A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
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Psychiatric and Social Worker
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A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have and impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse
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Observer Effect
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Tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed
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Participant Observation
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A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed
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Observer Bias
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Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
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Case Study
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Study of one individual in great detail
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Representative Sample
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Randomly selected sample of subjects from a a larger population of subjects
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Population
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The entire group of people or animals in which the research is interested
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Correlation
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A measure of the relationship between two variables
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Correlation Coefficient
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A number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation
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Experiment
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A deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships
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Operational Definition
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Definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured
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Independent Variable
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Variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter
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Dependent Variable
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Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment
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Experimental Group
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Subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable
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Control Group
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Subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment
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Random Assignment
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Process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control group randomly, so that each subject has and equal chance of being in either group
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Placebo Effect
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A phenomenon on which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
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Experimenter Effect
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Tendency of the experimenter;s expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study
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Single-Blind Study
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Study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group
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Double-Blind Study
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Study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group
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Critical Thinking
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Making reasoned judgements about claims
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A ________ has no medical training but has a doctorate degree.
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Psychologist
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If deception is necessary, participants must then be _________ after the study.
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Debriefed
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If it is shown that students' grades go down the more hours they spend watching TV, then grades and hours watching TV have a __________ correlation.
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Negative
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If there is _________ in a medical experiment, the control group will show changes in the dependent variable even if they are given a harmless substitute rather than a real drug.
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A placebo effect
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The variable that is manipulated in an experiment is the
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Independent variable
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Studying children's interactions by watching them play on the school playground is an example of
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Naturalistic observation
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If researchers find a relationship between students' grades and the number of hours they spend watching TV,
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It still does not prove causation
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Today, Gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?
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Cognitive psychology
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The psychodynamic perspective differs from the psychoanalytic one in that
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The psychodynamic perspective places less emphasis on sex and sexual motivations
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The cognitive perspective focuses on
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Memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning
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The sociocultural perspective studies
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The effect people have on one another, both individually and in a large group
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________ are defined in the text as standards on which a judgment or decision may be based.
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Criteria
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Which of the following is TRUE about crop circles?
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They have been shown to be a hoax.
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________ is the goal in psychology that involves observing human or animal behavior and noting everything about the behavior.
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Description
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Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of
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Behavior.
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A doctor informs the parents of a 14-year-old that without hospitalization her anorexia will worsen and cause grave medical conditions. The doctor is making a(n)
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Prediction.
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The text defines a _________ as someone who seeks wisdom and knowledge through thinking and discussion.
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Philosopher
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Gestalt psychologists devoted most of their research to studying
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Sensation and perception.
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Mary Cover Jones achieved counterconditioning with "Little Peter" by using
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Food
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By making a loud noise when "Little Albert" was presented with a rat, John Watson taught the baby to fear rats. This proved that
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Phobias could be learned through conditioning.
