Question 1

According to a recent study of childhood stress, a parental conflict can lead to internalizing behavior when:

Accepted Answer

the child feels responsible.

Question 2

The term \"child culture\" refers to:

Accepted Answer

the particular habits and styles based on the set of rules and rituals that children establish which are distinct from adult society.

Question 3

Kohlberg would expect a child whose thought processes are egocentric to display moral reasoning:

Accepted Answer

with a punishment and obedience orientation.

Question 4

The level of moral reasoning that focuses on moral principles is called:

Accepted Answer

postconventional.

Question 5

Due to the development of concrete thought and peer experiences, children typically move from the:

Accepted Answer

preconventional to the conventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 6

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of:

Accepted Answer

bullying

Question 7

Resilience is dynamic. (T/F)

Accepted Answer

True

Question 8

Christi is a single mother with two kids. She fills many roles as a single parent, such as:

Accepted Answer

-lover (seeking a new partner). -wage earner. -daughter or son (depending on their own parents)

Question 9

Research on self-concept has identified which of the following as a crucial component supporting children as their self-awareness develops?

Accepted Answer

praise for their process and how they do something rather than static characteristics

Question 10

Girls who bully tend to use ______ aggression.

Accepted Answer

verbal

Question 11

Adriana is a single African American parent with a 6-year-old and an 11-year-old child. According to the text, who is more likely to routinely help her?

Accepted Answer

relatives and friends

Question 12

Children who move and change neighborhoods in middle childhood:

Accepted Answer

Are more negatively impacted than during infancy

Question 13

The _______ level emphasizes rewards and punishments, whereas the _______ level emphasizes moral principles.

Accepted Answer

preconventional; postconventional

Question 14

School age children are more aware of and influenced by their classmate\'s ________________ due to their cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

opinions and judgments

Question 15

Daily hassles:

Accepted Answer

can have a cumulative effect on children.

Question 16

A blended family with a husband, wife, and children from both spouses\' previous marriages often breeds:

Accepted Answer

anger, depression, and disharmony

Question 17

According to Kohlberg, the crucial factor in determining what stage of moral reasoning a person is using is:

Accepted Answer

the reasons used to support his or her answers to questions about a moral dilemma.

Question 18

the most important overall family function is to provide:

Accepted Answer

love and encouragement

Question 19

A key aspect of a child\'s resilience is the stressed child\'s ability to:

Accepted Answer

develop relationships, activities, and skills

Question 20

A child who is rejected by peers because of timid and anxious behavior is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

withdrawn-neglected

Question 21

If a child who is rejected by his or her parents establishes a closer relationship with another adult, that child is making a(n) ______________ adaption.

Accepted Answer

positive

Question 22

An example of a shared environmental influence within a family is:

Accepted Answer

siblings raised together in the same home

Question 23

A characteristic of the culture of children is that:

Accepted Answer

it encourages and supports curses, accents, and slang

Question 24

An influence on a middle-school child\'s sense of morality is:

Accepted Answer

-development of empathy -increase in social perception -peer culture and personal experience

Question 25

According to the text, Japanese culture:

Accepted Answer

discourages social comparisons aimed at making oneself feel superior

Question 26

A child\'s ability to adapt to the new \"child culture\" will depend on:

Accepted Answer

-the ability to understand social interactions -the ability to modify impulses and emotions -how resilient a child is

Question 27

The two factors that interfere with family function in every structure, ethnic group, and nation are:

Accepted Answer

low income and high conflict

Question 28

The __________ model examines crucial questions about the effect of risk factors (poverty, divorce, job loss) on the family.

Accepted Answer

family-stress

Question 29

According to the text, high self-esteem is:

Accepted Answer

not universally valued or universally criticized

Question 30

Which of the following is a characteristic of both aggressive-rejected and withdrawn-rejected children?

Accepted Answer

they tend to misinterpret social situations

Question 31

What was the main conclusion reached from Piaget\'s updated study on retribution vs. restitution?

Accepted Answer

The conclusion was that conversation about a situation may lead to individual reflection which assists with developmental advances in morality.

Question 32

Even though it\'s usually not true, victims of bullying are often thought of as:

Accepted Answer

ugly or odd

Question 33

The tendency to assess one\'s own abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially peers, is:

Accepted Answer

social comparison

Question 34

In the United States, ____ percent of all 6-to 11-year-old children live in a single-parent family.

Accepted Answer

31

Question 35

The ability to regulate one\'s emotions and actions through effort is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

effortful control

Question 36

According to the text, which of the following is crucial to a bullying circumstance?

Accepted Answer

peers

Question 37

Family income can have a positive or negative effect on the function and structure of the family, but what is important is:

Accepted Answer

whether or not income increases stress on the family

Question 38

The difference in the psychosocial development of preoperational children as compared to that of middle-school children is that:

Accepted Answer

preoperational children\'s egocentrism makes them less likely to be affected by other children\'s opinions and judgments.

Question 39

Children who attack others and who are attacked as well are referred to as:

Accepted Answer

bully-victims

Question 40

Ideally, social comparison helps children to:

Accepted Answer

value their own abilities

Question 41

___________ thinking, which gives children the ability to observe and use logic, propels them to think about morality.

Accepted Answer

concrete operational

Question 42

Any comparison of the advantages of one family structure over another depends partly on the specific parents involved and partly on:

Accepted Answer

the culture in which the family lives

Question 43

A child who is ignored, but not shunned, by his or her peers is considered a(n):

Accepted Answer

neglected child

Question 44

What is Erikson\'s fourth stage of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

industry vs inferiority

Question 45

A researcher is looking at risk factors such as low income, divorce, single parenthood, and/or unemployment to see if they increase stress in families. What research model will this researcher most likely use?

Accepted Answer

family stress model

Question 46

Kohlberg\'s second level of moral reasoning emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

social rules

Question 47

Children in U.S. military families move often and:

Accepted Answer

have lower school achievement

Question 48

Kohlberg\'s view of children\'s development of moral reasoning was criticized because he:

Accepted Answer

failed to study moral reasoning in girls

Question 49

Older children tend to choose best friends:

Accepted Answer

whose interests, values, and backgrounds are similar to their own

Question 50

A review of research on successful ways to halt bullying found that:

Accepted Answer

the whole school must change, not just the identified bullies.

Question 51

Keeping secrets from adults, not tattling, and trying to not be different from one\'s peers are examples of:

Accepted Answer

a common set of values for middle-school children

Question 52

School-age children tend to be aware of their classmates\' opinions, judgments, and accomplishments. Their cognitive development enables school-age children to engage in:

Accepted Answer

social comparison

Question 53

Research indicates that chronic poverty or sudden loss of income in families leads to:

Accepted Answer

tension among adults, which increases their hostile toward their children.

Question 54

The practice of \"no snitching\" by middle-school children is an example of:

Accepted Answer

a mandate set by the culture of children

Question 55

In general, _____________ function best and children tend to achieve in school with fewer psychological problems.

Accepted Answer

nuclear families

Question 56

Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of:

Accepted Answer

latency

Question 57

According to Erikson, if 8-year-old Kristina does NOT solve her psychosocial conflict of stage four, she will come to view herself as:

Accepted Answer

inferior

Question 58

Research on the temperaments of identical twins supports the finding that:

Accepted Answer

a mother\'s attitudes toward her twins are one factor that influences the twins\' behaviors.

Question 59

Shared parenting makes it more likely that children will have someone to:

Accepted Answer

-check their homework -save for their education -read to them

Question 60

According to the text, what can be done to minimize or prevent the consequences of bullying for both bullies and victims?

Accepted Answer

identification in 1st grade and then \"active guidance and remediation\"

Question 61

Because Iris thinks that it is moral to break the law in some circumstances, Kohlberg would place her moral reasoning at the:

Accepted Answer

social contract stage

Question 62

Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is a(n):

Accepted Answer

aggressive-rejected child

Question 63

According to the text, ethnicity and nationality affect:

Accepted Answer

family structure and function

Question 64

During Erikson\'s crisis of industry versus inferiority, children:

Accepted Answer

attempt to master many skills

Developmental Psych Chapter 13 – Flashcards

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