Test Answers on Sociology Exam 1 – Flashcards

_________ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination.

A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one’s own society..

A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on..

Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination?

Which aspect of divorce would most likely be of interest to sociologists using the sociological imagination?

C. Wright Mills advocated the use of the sociological imagination to view divorce in the United States because divorce..

The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because..

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists..

The use of the discipline of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restructuring social institutions is called:

An attempt to explain problems, actions, or behavior in a comprehensive manner is called a(an)..

Emile Durkheim’s study of suicide, related suicide rates to..

Émile Durkheim’s explanation of suicide was scientific because he..

Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory?

Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time?

Anomie refers to..

In many Third World nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in Third World nations are likely to suffer..

The concept of anomie was introduced into sociology by..

The word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people’s emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was..

An ideal type is..

In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must..

Marx viewed the relationship between the capitalists and the exploited workers in systemic terms; that is, he believed that a system of _____________ relationships maintained the power and dominance of the owners over the workers..

In Karl Marx’s analysis, society was fundamentally divided between..

For W.E.B. Du Bois, which of the following was considered essential in combating prejudice and achieving tolerance and justice?

In 1909, W.E.B. Du Bois helped found which of these organizations?

Which of the following was a central focus for Charles Horton Cooley?

Early female sociologists such as Jane Addams were often active in poor urban areas as leaders of community centers known as..

Although some of the early sociologists saw themselves as social reformers, by the middle of the twentieth century, the focus of the discipline of sociology had shifted to..

A sociologist who studies the impact of the women’s movement on the divorce rate would probably be following which of the following perspectives?

Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital?

Herbert Spencer suggested that sociologists should be highly critical of the status quo and should work actively for social change..

Karl Marx saw the factory as the center of conflict between society’s exploiters and its exploited masses.

Having a grandmother who sits on the board of trustees for your college is an example of social capital.

One of Robert Merton’s most significant contributions to sociology was the attempt to merge the microlevel and macrolevel approaches to the study of society.

Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability?

Which sociologist saw “society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which contributes to the maintenance of the system as a whole”?

Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society’s stability, then it does not serve a useful function?

Which of the following could be a manifest function of colleges?

An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability is known as a..

Which sociological perspective sees the social world as being in continual struggle?

Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy White males who decide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the..

Contemporary conflict theorists are concerned with the conflict between.

Which sociological approach focuses on the macrolevel and would tend to view inequality in gender as central to behavior and organization?

Which sociological perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole?

Which sociological perspective holds the view that people create their social worlds through interaction and manipulation of symbols?

Which sociological perspective is most concerned with macrolevel analysis?

Inequality, capitalism, and stratification are key concepts of which theoretical perspective?

In examining any aspect of society, which sociological perspective emphasizes the contribution that aspect makes to overall social stability?

Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation?

Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people’s social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations?

Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that sports help to maintain people’s physical well-being?

The view that laws are set up to assist those who are in positions of power would be held by:

Which perspective would state that people are formed through the way in which they interact with and react to their social world?

The conflict perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability.

Despite their differences, functionalists, conflict theorists, and interactionists would all agree that there is much more to sports than exercise or recreation.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem?

What is commonly the second step in the scientific method?

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to:

After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process?

An operational definition is:

A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(an)

Which sociological perspective would most likely suggest that education is necessary for people to earn more money and advance in society for the purpose of social stability?

What sociological perspective would most likely suggest that educational inequalities are purposeful and set up to reinforce the position of those in power?

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a

A variable is

Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of

The relationship between a condition or a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other, is known as

The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(an)

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected?

A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

Correlations are an indication that causality is always present.

Selecting a research design is important because it may affect both the amount of time and the

To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as

Surveys and interviews that focus on macrosociological analyses would be likely to follow which theoretical perspective?

The results of an interview may be influenced by

Researchers found which of the following to be true of cell phone users compared to landline users?

___________’s study of Italian street-corner men used participant observation.

When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the

People may behave differently in artificial situations than they would in the “real world”. This poses a particular problem for researchers using

Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use

Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be

Selection of a research design will influence both the cost of a research project and the amount of time needed to collect the results of the research.

Which of the following existing data sources are used more frequently for sociological research?

Which of the following does your textbook note as a common criticism of Exxon’s actions after the 1989 Valdez disaster?

“Value neutrality” in social science research was initially called for by

Which sociologist argued that sociological research should focus on social change and on relevant research developed by nonsociologists?

In criticizing the call for a value-free sociology, Alvin Gouldner suggests that sociologists may use objectivity as a sacred justification for remaining uncritical of existing institutions and centers of power.

Which of the following is true regarding feminist researchers?

What is a potential problem when sending out Internet-based surveys?

We have little reliable data on human sexuality because

The authors of the National Health and Social Life Survey argue that their research on human sexual behavior is important and that using data from their survey allows policy makers to more easily address issues such as AIDS, sexual harassment, welfare reform, abortion, and teenage pregnancy. This position best reflects the view of which sociological perspective?

Which of the following is used to show the portion of 100?

The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the

The single most common value in a series of scores is referred to as the

The midpoint or number which divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values is referred to as the

All research designs have positives and negatives associated with them.

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called

A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s)

In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations?

Which sociological perspective would be most likely to suggest that nonverbal communication, such as the frequency of individuals touching each other during a conversation, varies from one culture to another?

Norms are

Facing forward in an elevator would considered:

In American society, we often formalize norms into

A law is

Informal norms are

Norms that are generally understood but not precisely recorded are known as

Mores are

Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as

Which of the following is a culturally learned behavior?

Norms are often violated when

Which sociological perspective would maintain that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status?

Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as

According to Robin Williams, which of the following is not one of the basic American values?

What term refers to the polarization of society over controversial cultural elements such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, or sexual orientation?

A dominant idealogy is a

Which sociological perspective would argue that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media?

“Attacks on bilingualism represent an ethnocentric point of view”. This statement would best reflect the views of which sociological perspective?

Wearing two different colored socks and a tie that does not match the shirt with which it is being worn are examples of violations of folkways and informal norms.

Sanctions can be positive or negative.

From a functionalist perspective, the social significance of the dominant ideology is that a society’s most powerful groups and institutions control the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media.

Diffusion is

Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion?

George Ritzer’s concept “The McDonaldization of society” refers to

Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are more likely to change their material culture.

Which of the following is an aspect of culture?

A society is

General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called

The tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called

Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality in scientific study that Max Weber saw as being so important?

Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist?

A subculture is

Which sociological perspective suggests that language and symbols offer a powerful way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its identity?

Which sociological perspective argues that subcultures often emerge because the dominant society has unsuccessfully attempted to suppress a practice regarded as improper, such as the use of illegal drugs?

People who have visited China might have experienced culture shock if they ordered meat for dinner and discovered it was

The mores, folkways, and values of a subculture are the only elements similar to the dominant majority.

In the US, the Amish would be considered:

An argot is a specialized language used by members of a subculture. Doctors and nurses, for example, have developed a language system that is not easily understood by patients, but enables medical professionals to communicate more easily, rapidly, and precisely with one another. Which sociological perspective is likely to emphasize the value of this specialized medical language?

A primitive tribe that cultivates the soil by hand has much more culture than a modern, computerized society.

Kissing is an example of a cultural universal.

Socialization is the process

Which term is used to refer to a person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior?

The relative importance of cultural and biological factors in the socialization process is referred to as the debate over

In the nature versus nurture debate, which position do social scientists take?

The analysis of Isabelle and Genie is important because it emphasizes the relevance of

Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys indicated that

Twin studies are viewed with some skepticism because they are based on very small sample sizes.

The self is the

The looking-glass self is the

In forming a sense of ourselves, we imagine how we appear to others and how others perceive us, and finally we develop a feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions. This sociological approach to the development of a self represents the views of which sociological perspective?

George Herbert Mead suggested that the self is

Gestures and words that form the basis of human communication are known as

Which of the following is an example of a symbol?

Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively

Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint?

The term “significant others” is

Which of the following is the best example of a significant other?

The dramaturgical approach is

Which of the following is the definition of Erving Goffman’s concept of “face-work”

In the Albas’s study of impression management, in which type of interaction did students often explain that they were not feeling well as a way of saving face?

Which social scientist believed that people are in constant conflict between their natural impulsive instincts and societal constraints?

The members of your nuclear family, your athletic coach, a teacher in a large lecture hall, and your best friend are all significant others.

The methods of celebrating rites of passage can provide a means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status.

Individuality is often lost within total institutions.

Gender roles are

Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying this

Which sociological perspective emphasizes schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?

As primary agents of childhood socialization, schools play a critical role in teaching children the values and customs of the larger society. This view of the socialization process is most likely of particular interest to which sociological perspective?

As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of

Which of the following do sociologists recognize as an agent of socialization?

Which of the following acts as an agent of socialization?